AfricaArray: an Africa network for the geosciences Fernando R. Echavarria, Ph.D.

1. AfricaArray: an Africa network for the geosciences Fernando R. Echavarria, Ph.D. U.S. Department of State Office of Space & Advanced Technology OES/SAT echavarriafr@state.gov November 8, 2013 www.africaarray.org

2. Wits, Penn State Sponsors U.S. Department of State United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs National Science Foundation (U.S.) National Research Foundation (South Africa)

3. AfricaArray Background • Started in 2004 - founding partners: Penn State, Univ. of the Witwatersrand (Wits), Council for Geoscience (aka Geol. Survey of South Africa (CGS) (+ IRIS support) • Goal: establish a public-private partnership to support capacity building and research in the geosciences (Earth, Atmospheric and Space sciences) in Africa, with and initial focus on solid earth geophysics • “AfricaArray” = array of training programs + array of research projects + array of partnerships and collaborations + array of scientific observatories (networks) • Key components to a multifaceted initiative: 1) seismic, GPS, weather networks in Africa 2) Undergraduate and Graduate research and education programs (Africa and US) 3) Project based funding

4. Progress so far • Funding: • Supported by a public-private funding partnership; major contributors – NSF, NRF, Wits, Penn State, Council for Geoscience, corporate sponsors • Education: • completed: > 50 BSc honours, 15 M.S., 10 Ph.D., 7 Postdocs; 54 undergraduate students in US • current: ?? BSc honours, 10 M.S., 11 Ph.D., 4 Postdocs • Networks: • 51 permanent seismic stations in 19 countries • several temporary seismic networks • Partners: • Universities in Africa 15 • Universities in US, Europe, Australia 14 • Gov’t organizations in Africa 17 • Gov’t organizations outside Africa 8 • companies 19 • Academic and industry societies 6 Science output: > 55 papers in refereed journals

5. AfricaArray Observatory Network • 51 stations • 48 seismic stations • 27 GPS/met stations • 19 countries • Continuous recording • Data recovery 70-80% • Data availability: IRIS and UNAVCO • Data retrieval: • A few countries - real-time using cell modems • Elsewhere - monthly

6. Tezi, Zambia

7. AfricaArray East Africa Seismic Experiment 2007-2011 Other temporary seismic projects:1) Mozambique 2011-20132) Madagascar 2011-20133) Northern L. Malawi Rift 2012-2015 4) Western S. Africa5) Mine seismic network, Wits Basin

8. Progress to establishing an multidisciplinary AfricaArray • 2009 NSF funding for 4 prototype multifunctional AA stations – seismic, GPS, weather • 2009 UNAVCO MRI-R2 proposal funded – CGPS + automated weather stations for an additional 20 stations • PSU, WITS, CGS providing the 30% match • Early 2013 – completion of work – 27 stations with GPS receivers • June 2010 – Workshop in Washington D.C. to begin putting together a science plan for an interdisciplinary AfricaArray • November 2011 – Workshop at Wits, further discussions on developing an interdisciplinary science plan • Hired a network Manager – Dr. Damien Delvaux

9. Making AfricaArray interdisciplinary • Interests from a broad range of scientists working in Africa • geodesy, hydrology, climate science, atm chemistry, space weather • Types of observations: standard met, CGPS, aerosols, gas flux, soil moisture, radar • Recent training in geospatial technologies (GIS, earth observations) • Interests from the founding partners • PSU: Climate modeling, atmospheric chemistry, human dimensions of global change • Wits: AA as an element in a new Global Change Inst. • CGS: Providing Earth observations for Africa • Interests from other partners

10. Future work • Improving station uptime – data recovery >80% • Opening up more stations – no more embargoed data! • Getting stations online – real time data access • – work in progress on stations in Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia • Looking for opportunities for expanding the geographical footprint of the network • Central, West, and North Africa What will the network look like in 3 years time?

11. Update on GNSS Status

12. Overview • GPS • GLONASS • GALILEO • COMPASS

13. IRNSS GALILEO COMPASS QZSS GPS GLONASS Cooperation System support each other  no conflicts • Ideally, all systems provide the user with perfect results Bild: Quelle U.S. Space-Based PNT Policy Michael Shaw

14. Contacts: Professor Andrew Nyblade aan2@psu.edu Penn State University And Fernando R. Echavarria, echavarriafr@state.gov U.S. Dept of State, OES/SAT www.africaarray.org