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Vertebrate Characteristics

Vertebrate Characteristics. Taxonomy Review. Taxonomy- classifying organisms based on common characteristics and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species – In order from most general to most specific

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Vertebrate Characteristics

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  1. Vertebrate Characteristics

  2. Taxonomy Review • Taxonomy- classifying organisms based on common characteristics and assigning each organism a universally accepted name. • Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species – In order from most general to most specific • Phylum = Chordata; Sub-phylum = Vertebrata • Classes = Agnatha (jawless fish); Osteictheyes (bony fish); Chondrictheyes (cartilage fish); Amphibia (amphibians); Reptilia (reptiles); Aves (birds); Mammalia (mammals) Carolus Linnaeus

  3. Classification of Vertebrates • Phylum: Chordata • Common Characteristics: notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, hollow dorsal nerve cord Sub-phylum: Vertebrata • Common Characteristics: backbone that supports and protects spinal cord, endoskeleton, distinct head with skull and brain Lancelet Tunicate

  4. Overview of Vertebrate Classes Total Animal Species: 1,367,555 Total Vertebrate Species: 62,305 (4.5%)

  5. Overview of Vertebrate Classes • Jawless Fishes – • aquatic animals with pharyngeal gills • retain larval notochord into adulthood • skeleton is made of cartilage • Examples – lamprey, hagfish.

  6. Overview of Vertebrate Classes • Cartilage Fishes – • aquatic vertebrates • pharyngeal gills • skeleton made of cartilage • Examples sharks, rays, skates

  7. Overview of Vertebrate Classes • Boney Fish/Ray-Finned Fish – • aquatic vertebrates with pharyngeal gills • skeleton composed of bone and covered by scales • fins for movement • Examples: salmon, angel fish, trout, perch

  8. Overview of Vertebrate Classes • Amphibians– • vertebrates that are aquatic as larvae and terrestrial as adults • breathe with lungs as adults • have four legs • have moist skin and lack scales • Examples – frog, salamander, axolotl.

  9. Overview of Vertebrate Classes • Reptiles – • Vertebrates with scaly skin • have lungs and live entirely on land • shelled egg with specialized (amniotic) membranes • Example – snake, Komodo dragon, turtle.

  10. Overview of Vertebrate Classes • Birds– • endothermic vertebrates with feathers, • two legs used for walking and perching • two wings that lack claws • Example – pigeon, hawk, eagle; bird of paradise.

  11. Overview of Vertebrate Classes • Mammals– • endothermic animals with fur or hair • mammary glands produce milk to nourish young • most have placenta to nourish fetus • Example – human, whale, pig, bat, anteater

  12. Great Transformations: Important Evolutionary Advances Jaws- Fish • The first fishes to be found in abundance in the fossil record were jawless. These are limited to eating small particles of food by filter-feeding and vacuum suction. • Jaws in fishes made it possible for them to eat plants and other animals and defend themselves by biting. • Disadvantage-digestive system had to develop for new diet Strong Skeleton- Amphibian Adults • The first amphibians had strong limb bones and girdles for movement unsupported by water. • The ribs formed a cage that supports andprotects the internal organs. • Adult amphibians have more mobility and habitat availability • Disadvantage- new environment, predators

  13. Eggs- Reptiles • Reptiles evolved from amphibians when climatic changes caused destruction of amphibian habitat. • Reptilian eggs are surrounded by a shell and several membranes that create a protected environment for the embryo. • These “amniotic eggs” contain nutrient-rich yolk used by the embryo for food. • Disadvantage- predators, change in habitat.

  14. Internal Temperature Control- Birds and Mammals • Fish, amphibians and reptiles are ectothermic. The have an internal body temperature that varies with external (environmental conditions) due to a slow metabolism. • Birds and mammals are endothermic. They maintain a relatively high and constant internal body temperature that is regulated internally due to a fast metabolism. • This adaptation is very important for animals living in habitats where temperatures and seasons are variable. • Disadvantage- more food must be consumed Polar Bear Iguana Penguin

  15. Feeding and Digestion

  16. Part C: Comparing Structure and Function Among Vertebrates • Feeding and Digestion Digestive Systems

  17. Respiration Fish • Gills • Oxygen rich water is pumped over gill filaments where gas exchange occurs. • Oxygen poor water is pushed out through openings in the sides of the pharynx.

  18. Respiration Various Lungs

  19. Respiratory Systems and Lungs

  20. Circulation/Internal Transport Heart Chambers and Circulatory Systems

  21. Circulation/Internal Transport DOUBLE LOOP Adult Amphibians: one loop carries oxygen poor blood from heart to lungs, other loop carries oxygen rich blood from heart to rest of body. Has 3 chambers. Reptiles: 3 chambers but more efficient due to septum in ventricle. Crocs and Alligators have 4 chambered heart. Birds and Mammals: 4 chambers. Complete separation of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood= most efficient. SINGLE LOOP Fish: Closed system from heart to gills, from gills to the rest of the body and back to heart. Two chambers in heart. Deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove wastes.

  22. Circulation/Internal Transport Heart Chambers and Circulatory Systems The DOUBLE loop creates one loop from the heart to the lungs and a second loop is from the heart to the body. Double loop circulation allows for the development of more advanced lungs - more spongy and highly branched.

  23. Reproduction Definitions • Oviparous: a vertebrate that lays eggs that develop outside the mothers body. Most fish- salmon. Most reptiles and birds have amniotic eggs. • Ovoviviparous: a vertebrate whose eggs develop inside the mother’s body but are not nourished directly by the mother’s body. Some reptiles-snakes & lizards. Guppies. • Viviparous: a vertebrate who bears live young and directly nourishes the unborn young by the mother’s body.

  24. Fertilization Internal: Eggs are fertilized INSIDE the mother’s body. Sperm is deposited into the body of the female. Female’s reproductive system covers the embryos with protective membranes and a shell Reptiles, birds, mammals External: Eggs are fertilized OUTSIDE the mother’s body. Adults release eggs and sperm into the surrounding water and sperm swim to the eggs to fertilized them. To increase chances, huge numbers of eggs and sperm are released. Most amphibians (except salamanders) Allowsfor the species to reproduce, to continue on

  25. Fertilization

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