La retorica

1. La retorica

2. L’arte e la tecnica del parlare e dello scrivere con efficacia persuasiva, secondo sistemi di regole varie a seconda delle epoche e delle culture. Essa assunse particolare rilevanza in età antica, in Grecia e a Roma Un’accezione negativa? Definizione di retorica

3. Per gli antichi romani per essere un buon oratore occorrevano anche cultura e qualità morali Catone: perfetto oratore è l’uomo probo (vir bonus) che sa esprimere idee buone, che associa l’abilità oratoria alle qualità morali del buon cittadino. • Cicerone: esprime al massimo grado le potenzialità umane, • cultura filosofica dei saggi, • capacità comunicativa e persuasiva dell’avvocato e del politico, • l’onestà del cittadino perbene Licinio Crasso: È l’uomo di cultura capace di contemperare otium e negotium, di unire alle disposizioni naturali una cultura ricca, fondata su salde concezioni morali.

4. Le parti della retorica Un’orazione retorica viene codificata in 5 parti. • Le prime tre consistono nella realizzazione e organizzazione del discorso e sono: • Inventio: trovare gli argomenti del discorso, sostenendo una tesi; • Dispositio: organizzare e dare un ordine agli argomenti; • Elocutio: scegliere lessico e stile del discorso. • Le ultime due attengono alla fase di esposizione e sono: • Memoria: imparare a memoria il discorso attraverso particolari tecniche; • Actio: recitazione del discorso mediante cambiamenti di tonalità della voce e ricorrendo ad una gestualità enfatica.

5. Ogni maledetta domenica Siamo all'inferno adesso, signori miei. Credetemi. E possiamo rimanerci,farci prendere a schiaffi . .oppure . . aprirci la strada lottando verso la luce. Possiamo scalare le pareti dell'inferno. . . .un centimetro alla volta. E scopri che la vita è un gioco di centimetri. E così è il football. Perché in entrambi questi giochi,la vita e il football. . . . . .il margine di errore è ridottissimo. Questo è essere una squadra, signori miei perciò o noi risorgiamo adesso, come collettivo. . . . . .o saremo annientati individualmente. è il football, ragazzi. È tutto qui. Allora. . . che cosa volete fare??? • Similitudini • Metafore • Domande retoriche https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=htT6p2zth70

6. Emotional speeches

7. Convincing to feel a certain way • Conveying an emotion to a crowd is not easy. • People give emotional speeches in order to convince their audience to feel a certain way about a subject. • An example is an inspiring speech a coach gives his players before a game, or a moving eulogy by a family member during a funeral. • In order to give an effective emotional speech, public speakers must hold the audience's attention. • Your goal should be to plan not only what you want to say, but how you want to say it.

8. Effective speakers • Effective speakers such as Martin Luther King Jr. and John F. Kennedy used • cadence • and their bodies to project emotions. • Metaphors such as mothers, children and animals are often cues for positive emotions. • Consider using classic examples like these. • Dangerous animals are an example of images commonly associated with negative emotions.

9. Persuasive speeches • Persuasive speeches should convince the audience of a belief, motivate them to action and/or inspire and encourage them. • The speaker must establish credibility by using language carefully, by delivering the speech with conviction.

10. The Appeal of 18 June, Charles de Gaulle He gave a speech on BBC radio that implored the French citizens to not give up hope. Pearl Harbor Address to the Nation, Franklin D. Roosevelt President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave a speech to declare war on Japan. Freedom or Death, Emmeline Pankhurst This is an important speech in the global feminist movement. Surrender Speech, Chief Joseph He gave this speech to his fellow men stating that he’s tired and doesn’t want to fight anymore Quit India Speech, Mahatma Gandhi He started the non violent civil disobedience movement that eventually led to India’s freedom. 4 3 5 2 1 Top 10 Emotional Speeches Ever Given

11. Fourth of July Speech, Frederick Douglass He was an African American former slave who spoke for the abolitionist movement in America Farewell to Baseball, Lou Gehrig On 4th of July 1939, he retired from baseball and his farewell speech was one of hope and inspiration despite his medical condition. We Shall Fight on the Beaches, Winston Churchill He had to announce that Britain was going to war with Germany. Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln It talks about liberty and democracy and contains the famous words “government of the people, by the people and for the people” which now describe what a democracy should be. I Have a Dream, Martin Luther King Jr. expressed his hope and his dream that one day there will be real equality in America and whites and blacks will be treated the same.. 6 7 9 10 8 Top 10 Emotional Speeches Ever Given

12. Discorso di insediamento di Nelson Mandela • https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=xZ9KlXCkb2s The time for the healing of the wounds has come

13. http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xeitn3_i-have-a-dream-martin-luther-king-e_peoplehttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/xeitn3_i-have-a-dream-martin-luther-king-e_people Martin Luther King I have a dream

14. Stay hungry, stay foolish Steve Jobs • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gO6cFMRqXqU&feature=player_detailpage

16. About future • But perhaps Obama is the last of the great political orators. His extraordinarily brave 2008 speech on race, "A More Perfect Union", may be the last of the great emotional, discursive, game-changing speeches. • Now, in the digital age, it is all about communicating your message in 140 characters (or less). • Now we are all intent on having our own say. In finding our own voice.