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Solar System an introduction

THE NEW. Solar System an introduction. Dwarf Planets. Many many satellites of the planets. Comets, asteroids, small objects. SOLAR SYSTEM. Eight Planets. The Sun. In short anything that goes about Sun is solar system !!.

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Solar System an introduction

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  1. THE NEW Solar Systeman introduction

  2. Dwarf Planets Many many satellites of the planets Comets, asteroids, small objects SOLAR SYSTEM Eight Planets The Sun In short anything that goes about Sun is solar system !!

  3. Indus civilisation (c 2000 BCE) is said have had rudimentary astronomical thoughts. Many illustrations found in Indus seals have been interpreted as perhaps having astronomical significance. This seal is said to represent – seven stars – Ezhu meen (Tamil) – Saptha Rishi/ Ursa major.

  4. Planets, nav graha, in Indian Puran were conceived as nine deities. Sun, moon and two phantom planets (Rahu and Ketu) were included along with five visible planets in the list.

  5. In Puranic traditions the stars were considered to be gods. Puran talks of 27 nakshatras –guardian of night- as 27 deities or smaller gods of Hindu pantheon.

  6. That does not mean that all that was in Indian tradition was mere myths. Rather tall personalities like Aryabhata formulated that Earth and moon were spears, Earth revolved resulting in day and night and natural causes for eclipses.

  7. As a bridge between Ptolemy’s geocentric epicycle cosmos to Copernicus’s heliocentric theory, Kerala mathematician and astronomer, Neelakanta Somayaji (1444-1550) proposed a partial heliocentric theory. Inner planets like Mercury and Venus go around Sun. While other planets and Sun along with inner planets go around Earth.

  8. Anticipating Kepler, the Kollam calendar made by the Kerala mathematicians around 825 AD, devised a calendar wherein the time spend by Sun in each Rasi is not fixed uniform time, but varies. In the Rasis like Vrichika, Danush and Maragam Sun was spend about 29 days but Sun will stay for 32 days in Rishabam, Mitunam and Karkadagam. That is when Earth is far away in its elliptical path, (~ July) it’s angular movement is slow. Whereas when it is nearer to sun (~ January) it will appear to move faster. This was taken into account by the Kerala mathematicians.

  9. Sun Spots Extreme UV image Sun is about 500 crore years old. It is about 15 crore kilometre away. It takes about 8 mts for sun light to reach Earth from Sun. It is so massive that it is equal to about 3,33,000 times Earth mass. It has more than 28 times gravity as earth at its surface. However its density is only about 1.41 gm/cm3. It has about 73% hydrogen, 25% helium and 2% oxygen, nitrogen, iron, carbon and other elements.

  10. Earth in comparison The size of Earth as compared to solar fare. Every square meter of Sun emits about 62,00,00,000 watt per second. Nevertheless only one in billion part reach Earth.

  11. Every second about 60 crore tonne of hydrogen undergo nuclear fusion and converted into 58 crore tonne helium. The difference in the mass results into energy according to Einstein’s formula E=mc2. 3.8 x 1023 kilowatt energy is produced every second. This energy is adequate to meet the energy need of whole Earth for next 500 years! Sun is expected to shine in the same manner for another 500 crore years.

  12. Mercury is the smallest of the eight planets. It’s diameter is just 4880 km, just bigger than our moon. It takes just 88 days to go around sun. It takes 59 days to revolve around itself. It does not have any stable atmosphere. However due to solar wind the surface evaporates and light atmosphere is formed.

  13. One of the mystery of Mercury is why while some areas are heavily cratered, some regions lack them. Concentration of Iron in Mercury is rather high, and how more iron got accumulated into Mercury is yet to be satisfactorily answered.

  14. Mercury and Venus being an inner planets would be seen to rise or set along with Sun. Mercury will be seen about 1 hr before sunrise or 1 hr after sun set. Therefore observing Mercury is rather a rare event.

  15. While day time temperature is as high as 350 degree, the night time temperature is as low as –180 degree. Largest crater on Mercury is named after Kuiper, an astronomer. Many features on the surface of Mercury is named after writers and creative personalities.

  16. After moon brightest celestial object in the night sky is Venus.

  17. Ptolemy's system Copernicus’s system Galileo Galilee used telescope to observe Venus. On seeing the waxing and waning phases of Venus, just like that of Moon, Galileo concluded heliocentric solar system.

  18. It is by using radar and other imaging technology that we can see the surface features of Venus. It is always covered by a thick layer of atmosphere.

  19. Venus’s atmosphere is ever covered by thick clouds of sulphuric acid. The atmospheric pressure is about 100 times more than that of Earth. Due to resultant green-house effect the surface temperature of Venus is about 482 degree.

  20. First spacecraft to reach the surface of Venus was Soviet spacecraft Venera-4 in 1967. First photographs of Venus surface was obtained by Venera-9 in 1975

  21. Maat Mons on the surface of Venus: 5 km above the surface. Surface of Venus

  22. Indira Crater Madavi Crater Usha mountain Gauri mountain Kali Mountain Venus is women’s only planet. Most of the surface features on Venus is named after women.

  23. Moon is the 6th largest satellite in solar system.

  24. Moon goes around in elliptical orbit, tilted at about 5 degree. Apogee is at 357200 km and perigee is 407100 km. Light will take about 1.25 seconds to reach Earth from moon. It takes about 27 ½ days to go around Earth, but the period between each full moon is about 30 days.

  25. The relative position of Earth, Moon and Sun results in the phases. Though every new moon day moon is in line with Sun, due to the tilt of its orbit, it will not cause eclipse every new moon day.

  26. It’s axis is tilted at 6.5 degree and hence at times the north pole is towards Earth and at times south pole. Time taken for moon to revolve around itself and around Earth is about the same time. Hence only one face ~ 59% of surface is seen from Earth. Remaining 41% cannot be seen from Earth.

  27. The far side of moon was first seen by Soviet spacecraft Luna 3.Subsequent examination inform that the far side has much more dense pockmark –craters- than the nearside. Moon’s far side, has attracted the space rocks on itself and thus has been a proactive cover for Earth.

  28. While the first spacecraft to land on moon was Luna 2 (1959) crash landed on moon, Luna 9 (1969) made a soft landing. Apollo –11 with Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michelle Collins landed on moon in 20 July 1969. It returned with about 21.7 kg of moon rock.

  29. Moon’s surface is covered with pockmark like craters. Most of them are impact craters caused by bombardment of space rocks Aristarchus crater

  30. Accidentally the angular size of moon and sun from Earth is about same ~ 0.5 degree. And hence once in a while moon could completely block Sun when it comes in between making total solar eclipse. Eclipse is a wonderful celestial phenomenon.

  31. How Moon formed? One theory claimed that Moon broke away from young earth, while another claimed that moon was formed elsewhere and captured by Earth. The third the left over material from early earth accreted into moon

  32. Recent studies indicate that a mars sized object crashed onto earth about 4.6 billion years ago. The debris that were thrown away accreted into Moon. Geological study of the surface and composition of Moon give more credence to this theory.

  33. Mars takes about 23 hrs to revolve in its axis. Its atmosphere is only about 1% of Earth’s atmosphere. 95.3% is carbon dioxide and rest nitrogen and other gases.

  34. Utopia plains Tharsis Volcanoes Olympus mons Viking -1 landed here Viking -2 landed here Marineris Valley Lomonosove crater mons Amazonis Sinai plateau Path finder Hellas crater Prometheus terra Moon plateau Ganges chasma Argyre crater

  35. Mars surface has very large canyon structure and big craters. Occasionally plant wide dust storms rage.

  36. The first to land on Mars was Soviet craft Mars-2 (1971). More than 37 spacecrafts have been sent on Mars mission. However only 18 of them have been successful in reaching Mars. There have been 11 attempts to land on Mars, of this only 6 have landed safely and functional.

  37. The northern hemisphere of Mars is younger and the Southern part is older. Southern hemisphere appears to be lowlands while the northern side is highlands. How such a arrangement came into being is an enigma.

  38. Two moons of Mars were found in 1877. Phobos and Deimos. Phobos Deimos

  39. Mars has solid ice, including water ice in its poles. Mars has no plate tectonic movements and hence unlike Earth all the volcanoes are concentrated in one place. Tallest mountain in the Solar system and volcano is Olympus. Its crater is itself is about 6 km high.

  40. Micro-organic fossil-like structure seen from a Mars rock fuelled interest about Mars and potential life in Mars There has been evidence of flow of liquid water on the surface of Mars long, long ago. How Mars lost its water; how global scale climatic change occurred, are questions that haunt scientists.

  41. Eclipse seen from another planet!. Two moons of Mars occasionally cause partial eclipse and Pathfinder mission captured the eclipse that took place in 2004.

  42. Between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter there are numerous space rocks of varying sizes. These together are called asteroids or minor planets.

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