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Human Body Tissues and Functions: A Guide to Anatomy and Physiology

Explore the diverse types of tissues in the human body, including epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues. Learn about their functions and classifications, as well as the importance of cell junctions. Dive into the components and examples of connective tissues such as fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood. Gain insights into the structure and functions of muscular tissues, including skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.

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Human Body Tissues and Functions: A Guide to Anatomy and Physiology

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  1. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 – Part 1 • Chapter 11 is the introduction to Anatomy and Physiology with a Human emphasis necessary to pass the assessment test • Human Organization of the body: Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism • We will start with “Tissues” • A tissue is composed of similarly specialized cells that perform a common function in the body.

  2. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Four Types of Tissues in the Human Body • Epithelial: lines body surfaces and cavities • Connective: supports and bonds body parts • Muscular: moves the body and its parts • Nervous: receives stimuli and conducts impulses

  3. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Epithelial tissue protects underlying structures; functions may also include: • Secretion (glands) (ex: sweat, tears) • Absorption – water and digested food • Excretion – urine and other wastes • Filtration – kidney function

  4. 11.1 Types of Tissues • Epithelial Tissue can be Classified According to Cell Type: • Squamous: Outer cells are flattened • Cuboidal: Outer cells are cubed shaped • Columnar: Outer cells are rectangular • Epithelial Tissue can also be classified according to the number of layers in the tissue. • Simple: Single layer of cells • Stratified: Multiple cell layers

  5. Epithelial Tissue

  6. Junctions Between Epithelial Cells

  7. Cell Junctions • Cells with tight junctions: impermeable barrier, does not allow materials to flow in or out (epithelium of stomach lining – keep acid in stomach and not into tissue) • See Fig. 11.2 (a) • Gap junctions: membrane channels between cells; allows materials fo flow from cell to cell like ions and sugars ( in heart muscle, cells can rhythmically contract) See Fig. 11.2(b)

  8. Cell Junctions • Adhesion Junction: Cells adhere to each other by filaments, like being spot welded together (spot weld is the “desmossome”) • Hold cells tightly and provides strength to tissue (the filaments binding the cells at the plaque give much structural integrity) • See fig. 11.2 (c)

  9. Junctions Between Epithelial Cells

  10. Oh Deer • City Deer

  11. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 • Connective Tissue • Binds organs together • Provides support and protection • Fills spaces • Produces blood cells • Stores fat

  12. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 • Components of Connective Tissue • Matrix: solid, semisolid, or liquid (non cellular material – solid to jelly like • Fibers: • White collagen (protein that stretches, elastic), • Reticular (thin collagen fibers, delicate, spider-web like) • Yellow elastic fibers, another protein, elastin, more elastic than collagen • Cells: various types (more later • Figure 11.3, pg 201, know this picture

  13. Examples of Connective Tissue

  14. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 • Connective Tissue Continued • Fibroblasts are cells that produce fibers and other substances. • Loose fibrous tissue support epithelium and many internal organs. • Dense connective tissue is found in structures such as tendons and ligaments.

  15. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 • Connective Tissue Continued • Adipose Tissue • Fibroblasts enlarge and store fat • Fat is used for energy, insulation, and organ protection • Reticular Connective Tissue • Forms the meshwork of lymphatic tissue in: • The spleen • The thymus • Bone marrow

  16. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 • Connective Tissue Continued • Cartilage • Cells lie in small chambers called lacuna • Three Types of Cartilage • Hyaline: contains very fine collagen fibers (nose, ends of bones, fetal skeleton, c rings of trachea • Elastic: has a higher proportion of elastic fibers, flexible • (framework of outer ear) • Fibrocartilage: contains strong collagen fibers, (pads between vertebrae and knee joints)

  17. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 • Connective Tissue Continued • Bone • The most rigid connective tissue • Consists of a matrix of calcium salts deposited around collagen • Functions: Support, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation • Two Types of Bone • Compact bone (shafts of long bones) • Spongy bone (end of long bones)

  18. Examples of Connective Tissue

  19. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 • Connective Tissue Continued • Blood • Transports respiratory gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) • Transports nutrients and wastes (glucose, urea) • Involved with many aspects of homeostasis (ex. Temp.) • Helps protect us from disease (phagocytes and antibodies)

  20. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 • Components of Blood • Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes – anucleate) • Contain hemoglobin for transport of oxygen • White Blood Cells (leukocytes – nucleate) • Fight infection • Platelets • Are cell fragments involved with blood clotting

  21. Blood

  22. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 • Muscular Tissue • Muscle cells are called muscle fibers • Muscles fibers contain actin and myosin filaments • Interaction of actin and myosin accounts for movements • Types of Muscle Tissues • Skeletal • Smooth (visceral) • Cardiac

  23. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 • Skeletal Muscle • Occurs in muscles attached to the skeleton • Cells are striated and multinucleated • Is voluntary • Smooth Muscle • Occurs in blood vessels and walls of the digestive tract • Cells are spindle-shaped, each has a single nucleus • Striations are not present • Is involuntary • Cardiac muscle • Occurs in the wall of the heart • Has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus • Is involuntary

  24. Muscular Tissue

  25. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 • Nervous Tissue • Neurons (nerve cells) • Conduct impulses • Sensory input, integration, motor output • Neuron structure • Dendrites • Cell body • Axon • Neuroglia • Support and nourish neurons • Microglia: phagocytic • Astrocytes: provide nutrients • Oligodendroglia: form myelin

  26. Neurons and Neuroglia

  27. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 • Body Cavities and Body Membranes Cavities • Ventral Cavity- Divided by Diaphragm • Thoracic cavity • Lungs • Heart • Abdominal cavity • Visceral organs • Bladder • Reproductive organs • Dorsal Cavity • Cranial cavity • Brain • Spinal cavity • Spinal cord

  28. Mammalian Body Cavities

  29. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 • Body Membranes • Mucous Membranes • Line digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs • Epithelium overlies loose fibrous connective tissue • Goblet cells-produce mucus • Protective function • Serous Membranes • Line thoracic and abdominal cavities • Epithelium overlies loose fibrous connective tissue • Specific names according to location • Pleural- lines thoracic cavity and lungs • Pericardial-encloses heart • Peritoneal- lines abdominal cavity and forms mesentery

  30. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 • Body Membranes Continued • Synovial membranes • Loose connective tissue • Line freely movable joints • Secrete synovial fluid • Meninges • Line the dorsal cavity • Protect brain and spinal cord • Connective tissue

  31. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 – part 2 I divided the presentations into 2 parts because it was too large a file

  32. Biology 1308, Chapter 11 • Organs are composed of many kinds of tissues and cells for organs (ex: heart- cardiac muscle, neurons, connective tissue, fat, etc) • Organ systems are groups of related organs working together (ex: heart and blood vessels work together; circulatory system)

  33. 11.3 Organ Systems

  34. 11.3 Organ Systems

  35. 11.3 Organ Systems

  36. 11.3 Organ Systems

  37. 11.3 Organ Systems

  38. 11.3 Organ Systems

  39. 11.3 Organ Systems

  40. 11.3 Organ Systems

  41. 11.3 Organ Systems

  42. 11.3 Organ Systems

  43. 11.3 Organ Systems

  44. 11.3 Organ Systems

  45. 11.3 Organ Systems

  46. 11.4 Integumentary System • The Integumentary System • Skin • Hair • Nails • Sweat Glands • Sebaceous Glands

  47. 11.4 Integumentary System • Functions of the Integumentary System • Protects underlying tissues from trauma, pathogen invasion, and water loss • Helps to regulate body temperature • Synthesizes Vitamin D • Helps us to be aware of our surroundings

  48. 11.4 Integumentary System • Regions of the Skin • Epidermis • Stratified squamous epithelium • Basal layer produces new cells • Cells harden and die as they push to the surface • Keratin - hardens cells, waterproof • Melanocytes - produce pigment

  49. 11.4 Integumentary System • Regions of the Skin • Dermis • Contains collagen fibers that help prevent tearing • Contains elastic fibers that maintain tension • Contains blood vessels that nourish the skin • Contains sensory receptors for touch, pain, pressure, temperature

  50. 11.4 Integumentary System • Subcutaneous Layer • Loose connective tissue • Adipose tissue • Insulation • Energy storage

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