Henry VIII and the English Reformation

1. Chapter 13 Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

2. Review Question • Civil War in England • War of the Roses- (1455-1485) • Lancaster (supported by Tudors)= red rose • York= white rose • Result • York defeated, founding of Tudor dynasty • Henry VII (Tudor) became King

3. Henry VIII and the English Reformation • The English reformation was initiated by Henry VIII • Situation: • Henry was married to Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Princess) • Henry and Catherine had a daughter together, Mary, but Henry desperately wanted a son. • Due to personal vanity • Believed daughter would be unable to continue the Tudor Dynasty during the fragile peace that existed following the Wars of the Roses

4. Henry VIII and the English Reformation • Henry was displeased with Catherine because he was obsessed with finding a male heir • Meanwhile, one of Catherine’s ladies in waiting, Anne Boleyn caught the eye of the King • Henry fell in love with her • But, Anne refused to be the King’s mistress. • Any children they had wouldn’t be a legitimate heir because they weren’t married • So, Henry wanted a divorce from Catherine Video: Anne won’t be a mistress

5. Challenge Question #1 • Why do you think Anne refused to be Henry’s mistress?

6. Henry VIII and the English Reformation • Henry asked Cardinal Wolsey (highest English church official) to annul the marriage • Argued that Catherine had consummated her previous marriage to Henry’s brother • Normally it wouldn’t be a problem to get the Pope to annul it • But Rome had recently been sacked by Charles V (King of Spain and H.R.E.) who was the nephew of Queen Catherine • Wolsey couldn’t get the Pope to agree so he was fired • Then Thomas Cranmer, the archbishop of Canterbury, advised Henry to annul the marriage in England’s own courts • This abolished papal authority in England Video: Catherine’s Trial Sack of Rome, 1527 Thomas Cranmer

7. Challenge Question #2 • Why couldn’t the Pope have annulled Henry and Catherine’s marriage, even if he wanted to?

8. Henry VIII and the English Reformation • Henry was in a hurry to get the marriage annulled because Anne became pregnant • Henry married Anne in secret and her heir was became legitimate • Marriage of Henry to Catherine is declared null and void • Anne is crowned queen • 3 months later, she gives birth to a GIRL • Elizabeth

9. Henry VIII and the English Reformation • Shortly thereafter, Henry completed his break with the Catholic Church • King is now head of the Church of England • Treason Act- death to anyone who denied Henry the head of the church • Challenged by Thomas More, who was beheaded • The New Church of England • Still very similar to Catholicism • Did away with monasteries Video: Catherine’s Trial

10. Henry VIII and the English Reformation • Henry tired of Anne Boleyn • Frustrated because he broke with the church to marry her and she can’t produce a male heir • Fun Fact- It was actually Henry’s fault he couldn’t produce a male heir. Only men carry the Y chromosome needed to determine male gender • Henry also began to fancy one of Anne’s ladies in waiting, Jane Seymour • So, Henry and Thomas Cranmer conspired to have Anne charged with adultery, incest, and treason • Anne (and her brother) were tried and executed. • Henry then married Jane Seymour Video: Execution of Anne

11. Henry VIII and His Wives • In total, Henry had 6 wives (History teachers video)

12. Challenge Question #3 • Henry VIII had 6 wives. Why do you think Anne Boleyn is the most famous?

13. England Under Edward • Edward (son of Jane Seymour) was only 9 when Henry died. • In addition to being too young to rule, Edward was also very sickly. • Thomas Cranmer ruled as his regent • Moved the Church of England in a more Protestant direction • Many felt these changes were too drastic

14. England Under Mary • Mary I, “Bloody Mary” • Came to power after Edward died • Daughter of Catherine of Aragon (half Spanish) • Married to Phillip II (future King of Spain) • This marriage was strongly disliked in England • Alliance with Spain was unpopular • Tried to restore Catholicism to England • Burned more than 300 protestant “heretics” Mary I of England Execution of Thomas Cranmer

15. Challenge Question #4 • Before Queen Mary- Protestantism was weak and identified with religious anarchy • After Mary’s rule- Protestantism was much more popular • Question: Why do you think Protestantism’s popularity grew, despite the fact the Mary was a Catholic Queen? • People identified Protestantism with resistance to Mary and Spanish influence

16. What’s happening outside of England? • France • The French Wars of Religion (1562 – 1598) • Huguenots (French Calvinists) vs. • The Ultra Catholics • Result of War: Catholicism acknowledged as the official religion of France, but Huguenots were guaranteed the right to worship • Spain • Philip II (1556 – 1598) • Militant Catholicism • Felt it was Spain’s job to save Catholic Christianity from the Protestant heretics • Wanted to increase Spain’s power but failed • Silver from the new world caused inflation and economic problems

17. Challenge Question #5 Classify the following countries in the appropriate sections of the chart below: Holy Roman Empire (Germany), England, France, Spain