Reviewing the Literature

1. Reviewing the Literature

2. Can’t find the literature • Common complaint; could’t find anything in the literature that is related to their studies • can’t find exactly the same topic

3. The role of related literature • Define the frontiers of knowledge • A has discovered this, B has discovered this, so what is left for you to discover? • Enable the researcher to place their questions in perpective • Any aditional knowledge in a meaningful way? Any link between your study and the body of knowledge?

4. Relate the proposed study with the previous study [should remember the main purpose of the study is to add more knowledge to the field not to produce isolated knowledge. The question is where do you fit in the picture? What and how much new knowledge will I add to the existing knowledge?]

5. Limit their research questions, clarify, and define the concepts of the study may be too broad, vague. Look at how others have defined certain constructs being investigated (stress, aggression, adjustment ; need to be defined and clarified)

6. Lead to insights into the reasons for contradictory results in the area Look at the theory, instruments, methodologies, data analyses Learn which methodologies have proven useful and which seem less promising To avoid unintentional replication of previous studies Put you in a better position to interpret the significance of your own results

7. Sources of literature • Encyclopedia of Educational Research (1992) • Present critical synthesis and interpretation of reported educational research • International Encylopedia of Educational Evaluation

8. ERIC database Index of dissertation and Theses (DAI) ProQuest Digital Dissertation Social Science Citation Index Government Publication (Economic Report) WWW

9. Need to check for the authentecity of the literature Accuracy of the literature Timeliness of the literature So what to do???

10. Organizing literatur • The hypothesis, the variables being investigated provide the framework for the organization of literature. It should lay a systematic foundation for the study.

11. Should begin with theoretical background related to the study [start from broad and narrow it down] Look at your hypotheses and variables being investigated

12. Organizing the related literature • Begin with the most recent • Read the abstract or summary section of report • Skim the report prior to taking notes • Make notes should be easily accessible • Write the reference for the notes

13. Review the theories to be used for your study Review previous studies related to your study Identify the variables being investigated Do not separate local and foreign literature Are the literature related to the study Concentrate your effort on the scientific literature Review early Summarize

14. Writing references

15. Reference: Single-Author Book& Part of a Book • Alverez, A. (1970). The savage god: A study of suicide. New York: Random House. • Garner, B. A. (2003). Garner's Modern American Usage. New York: Oxford University Press. • If the material cited is from a foreword, preface, introduction, or afterword, list the name of the author of the book element you are citing. Follow the date (which might be different from the actual publication date) with the name of the element, the title of the book, and, in parentheses, the page number or page range on which the element appears (with p. or pp. to indicate page or pages) • Pepin, R.E. (2003). Introduction. Selected Poetry of Charles Darling: 1977–2002 (pp. iv–xxii). Colchester, CT: Colophon Books. • Paloutzian, R. F. (1996). Invitation to the psychology of religion  (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.     

16. Reference: Book with Two or More Authors • Natarajan, R., & Chaturvedi, R. (2003). Geology of the Indian Ocean Floor. Hartford, CT: Merganser University Press. • Ligon, M., Carpenter, K., Brown, W., & Milsop, A. (1983). Computers in the world of business communications. Hartford, CT: Capital Press. • Notice the hanging indent style (about half an inch after the initial line). The abbreviation et al. (for "and others") is not used on the Reference page, regardless of the number of authors, although it can be used in the parenthetical citation of material with three to five authors (after the inital citation, when all are listed) and in all parenthetical citations of material with six or more authors.

17. Reference: Edition Other Than First(Republished Book) • Creech, P. J. (2004). Radiology and the technology of the absurd. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. (Original work published 1975) • After the author's name, list the most recent date of publication you can find. In the text citation, give both dates: (Creech, 1975/2004).

18. Reference: An Edited Volume(Anthology or Reference Book • Stanton, D. C., & Farbman, E. (Eds.). (2003). The female autograph: Theory and practice of autobiography. Middletown, CT: Ibis Bookstore Press. • If you are refering to an article or signed chapter in an edited volume, your reference would look like this: • Pepin, R. E. (2002). Uses of time in the political novels of Joseph Conrad. In C. W. Darling, Jr., J. Shields, & E. C. Farbman (Eds.), Chronological looping in political novels (pp. 99-135). Hartford: Capital Press. • Notice that there are no quote marks around the title of the article and that only the first word of a title is capitalized. The names of editors are listed first-initials-first (not reversed). The inclusive page numbers are preceded by the abbreviations for "pages": pp.

19. Reference: Book Without Author or Editor Listed • Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. (1961). Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam. • To alphabetize such an entry on your Reference page, use the first significant word of the title (ignoring the articles, "a," "an," and "the").

20. Reference: Dissertation or Dissertation Abstract • When you have used an abstract of the dissertion found on microfilm in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI). If you are using a microfilm source, include in parentheses at the end of your entry, the university microfilm number. • Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur. Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 4465. (AAD44-8794) • When you have used the actual dissertation (usually from the shelves of the University where it was written, sometimes obtained through interlibrary loan): • Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.

21. Reference: Magazines/Periodicals • Wheatcroft, G. (2004, June). The Tragedy of Tony Blair. The Atlantic, 293 56–72. • Thomas, E. & Hosenball, M. (2004, May 31). Bush's Mr. Wrong: The Rise and Fall of Chalabi. Newsweek, 143, 22–32. • Use inclusive page numbers. Do not use the abbreviations "p." or "pp."

22. Reference: Scholarly Journal • Many scholarly journals number their pages consecutively throughout a given volume. Thus, volume one might end on page 345 and the first page of volume two would be number 345. Do not use p. or pp. to indicate page numbers. Notice that proper nouns are capitalized in an APA-style title, but other words are not. A comma separates the title of the journal from the volume number, but the volume number (as well as the comma that follows) is also italicized.

23. Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquez's Faulknerian Chronicle of a Death Foretold.Latin American Literary Review, 13, 21–29. Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language of women and judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26,  1617-1626.  

24. If that article were found in a journal in which each issue has pages numbered separately (each issue begins with a page 1), the issue number is given in parentheses but not in italics after the volume number. Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquez's Faulknerian Chronicle of a Death Foretold.Latin American Literary Review, 13(3), 21–29.

25. Reference: Newspaper Articles, EditorialsLetters to the Editor, etc. • If the article is "signed" (that is, you know the author's name), begin with that author's name. (Notice how discontinuous pages are noted and separated by commas.) Do not omit the "The" from the title of a newspaper (unlike the MLA technique). • Poirot, C. (2004, March 17). HIV prevention pill goes beyond 'morning after'. The Hartford Courant, pp. F1, F6.

26. If the author's name is not available, begin the reference with the headline or title in the author position. New exam for doctor of future. (1989, March 15). The New York Times, p. B-10. If the text being cited is from an editorial or letter to the editor indicate the nature of the source in brackets after the title and date. Silverman, P.H. (2004, June). Genetic Engineering [Letter to the editor]. The Atlantic, 293 14.

27. Reference: Nonprint Resources (Film, Recording, Video, television or radio program, etc. • The source is identified in brackets after the title • Redford, R. (Director). (1980). Ordinary people [Film]. Hollywood: Paramount. • (film with limited circulation): • Holdt, D. (Producer), & Ehlers, E. (Director). (2002). River at High Summer: The St. Lawrence [Film]. (Available from Merganser Films, Inc., 61 Woodland Street, Hartford, CT 06105) • (Cassette): • Lake, F. L. (Author and speaker). (1989). Bias and organizational decision making [Cassette]. Gainesville: Edwards.

28. (Television program): Safer, M. (Narrator). (2004). Torture at Abu Ghraib [Television broadcast]. Hartford: WFSB. (Musical recording): Barber, S. (1995). Cello Sonata. On Barber [CD]. New York: EMI Records Ltd.

29. Reference: Personal Interview, Phone Conversation, Letter, Non-archived E-Mail, etc. • Because this material is not recoverable (i.e., it is not possible for someone else to see or hear it), it should not be listed in the list of References. It can, however, be cited parenthetically within the text. It is extremely important that what is cited in this way be legitimate and have scholarly integrity. • (interview):Wilbur finds himself sometimes surprised by the claims of religiosity made by contemporaries. (personal letter, March 28, 1977) • (phone conversation):According to Connie May Fowler, the sources for her novel Sugar Cane were largely autobiographical

30. Reference: Classroom Lecture • Like personal interviews and phone conversations, material presented in a classroom lecture is regarded as non-retrievable data. A lecture, therefore, should be cited within the text but not be included in your References. The model below could also be used for more formal lecture settings. • In an Introduction to Literature lecture at Capital Community College on April 14, 2004, Professor Charles Darling described William Carlos Williams' poem as a barnyard snapshot (C.W. Darling, ENG 102 lecture, April 14, 2004).

31. If the lecturer distributed material at the lecture, you could cite that resource in your References: Darling, C.W. (2004, April). Images at Work in the Poetry of William Carlos Williams. Outline presented in a classroom lecture at Capital Community College, Hartford, CT.

32. Reference: Government Documents • Example: • National Institute of Mental Health. (1982). Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific progress (DHHS Publication No. A 82-1195). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

33. Reports from a Document and Deposit Service (NTIS, ERIC) other than U.S. government Examples: Tandy, S. (1980). Development of behavioral techniques to control hyperaggressiveness in young children (CYC Report No. 80-3562). Washington, DC: Council on Young Children. (NTIS No. P880-14322). Gottfredson, L. S. (1980). How valid are occupational reinforcer pattern scores? (Report No. CSOS-R-292). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University. Center for Social Organization of Schools. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 182 465)

34. Web document on university program or department Web site Degelman, D., & Harris, M. L. (2000). APA style essentials. Retrieved May 18, 2000, from Vanguard University, Department of Psychology Web site: http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.cfm?doc_id=796 Stand-alone Web document (no date) Nielsen, M. E. (n.d.). Notable people in psychology of religion. Retrieved August 3, 2001, from  http://www.psywww.com/psyrelig/psyrelpr.htm Stand-alone Web document (no author, no date)Gender and society. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2001, from http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/gender.html

35. Journal article from database Hien, D., & Honeyman, T. (2000). A closer look at the drug abuse-maternal aggression link. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 503-522. Retrieved May 20, 2000, from ProQuest database Journal article, Internet-only journal Bergen, D. (2002, Spring). The role of pretend play in children's cognitive development. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 4(1). Retrieved February 1, 2004, from http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v4n1/bergen.html

36. Ethics in research

37. WHAT SHOULD NOT YOU DO IN RESEARCH?

38. THIS IS WHAT WE CALL ETHICS IN RESEARCH

39. ethics and a researcher A researcher an an individual Begins and ends with a researcher Ethical research takes longer to complete, cost more money, is more complicated, and is more likely to be terminated before its completion.

40. Why unethical? Pressure, gain prestige, impress people and many more.

41. Scientific misconduct What is it? Fraud and plagiarim. Scientific misconduct occurs when a reseaRcher falsifies or distorts the data or methods of data collection or plagariaszes the work of others. What is reseaRch fraud? Fake or invent data that were not really collected or falsely reports how reseaRch was conducted

42. Plagiarism? Steals the ideas or writing of others or uses them without citing the source

43. Power: Relationship between the researcher and subjects oR assistAnt involve power and trust. There should not be abuse of power and trust by the researcher on the subjects or assistant

44. Ethics related to the research subjects physical harm: should not cause physical harm. Anticipate risk before the conduct of research. Screened high risk subjects if stress is involved. Should accept moral and legal responsibility for injury due to participation in research and should terminate the project immediately if yOu can’t guarantee the safety of the participants.

45. Psychological abuse: You may place people in stressful, embarasSing, anxiety producing or unpleasant situations. Should never create unnecessary stress beyond the minimal amount needed to create the dEsired effect, stress that has no direct, legitimate reseaRch purpose.KNowing the minimal amount comes with experience

46. Legal jeopardy: Protecting subjects from increases risk of arrest especially when you want to study criminal Observing illegal behavior may be central to a research project. If you supply information to the authority, you violate ethical standards regarding research subjects and undermine future research.

47. Other harm to subjects: Like asking to recall unpleasant events. Negative effect on their careers and incomes. Like you make a study and found out the supervisor’s performance are poor. As a result, he may loose his job or get a pay cut.

48. Deception: Never force anyone to participate and do not lie unless it is required for legitimate research reasons. Deception may increase mistrust and diminish public respect.

49. Informed Consent: A fundamental ethical principle of social research is NEVER COERCE anyone to participate. It should be voluntary. Subjects should be explained so they can make informed decisions

50. Content of informed consent