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Polarized America

Real spending on House and Senate campaigns has tripled in the past 30 years when adjusted for inflation. The inequality in individual campaign contributions is analyzed based on the contributors' ideological locations and standard deviations. Summary statistics for PACs in the 2012 elections are outlined along with the contribution patterns of different types of PACs. The figure showcases large individual contributions by ideology in the 2012 election cycle.

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Polarized America

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  1. Polarized America Chapter 5

  2. Figure 5.1 Real Spending on House and Senate Campaigns. Source: http://www.fec.gov Note: Adjusted for inflation, spending has nearly tripled in thirty years. The inflation adjustment is to 2012 using the CPI-U series.

  3. Figure 5.3 Measures of Inequality in Individual Campaign Contributions Note: Measures based on the inequality of contributions sizes for all individual contributions over $200.

  4. F = Ideological location [-1, +1] of the contributorS = Standard Deviation of the Contributions of the Contributor

  5. Table 5.1 Summary Statistics for Political Action Committees, 2012 Elections, House and Senate

  6. Figure 5.4 PAC Contribution Patterns Note: Each token in the plot represents a PAC. The letter denotes the PAC type-- Corporate (C), Labor (L), Trade (T), Nonconnected (N), Unaffiliated (U), Cooperative (V), and Corporation without Stock (W). Almost all groups disperse their contributions less than the random giving benchmark of 0.577, shown as a dark black line. The mean S value for the year is shown as a dashed line. The figure includes committees making contributions to thirty or more distinct candidates.

  7. Figure 5.10 Large Individual Contributions by Ideology (F) of Contributor. Note: The large contributors are typically relatively extreme. The figure plots individuals contributing more than $250,000 in the 2012 election cycle.

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