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insolvency. insolvency. When liabilities exceed assets Only legally insolvent when sequestrated by order of court. legislation. In South Africa the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936 deals with insolvency. sequestration.
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insolvency • When liabilities exceed assets • Only legally insolvent when sequestrated by order of court
legislation • In South Africa the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936 deals with insolvency
sequestration • A sequestration order is a formal declaration that a debtor is insolvent. The order is granted at the request of the debtor himself (voluntary) or at the request of one or more of his creditors (compulsory).
Purpose of sequestration • The main purpose of a sequestration order is to ensure the orderly and equitable distribution of a debtors assets where they are insufficient to meet the claims of all his creditors.
Terminology • Sequestration – applies to natural persons • Liquidation – applies to legal persons
Types of sequestration • Voluntary surrender • Compulsory sequestration • Friendly • Hostile
Voluntary surrender • Requirements: • The insolvent must comply with the prescribed formalities. These formalities pertain mainly to notification of creditors and other interested parties. The purpose of this is to enable the creditors to object to the application. • The debtor has to prove that he is in fact insolvent. • The surrender must be to the advantage of the creditors. • There must be sufficient assets to cover the costs of sequestration.
Compulsory • Brought by a creditor with a liquidated claim of at least R100 • Creditor must prove: • He has established a claim that entitles him to apply for the sequestration of the debtors estate • The debtor has committed an act of insolvency or is insolvent • There is reason to believe that sequestration will be to the advantage to the creditor.
Acts of insolvency • The debtor leaves the Republic or is absent from the Republic or departs from his house with the intention to evade or delay payment of his debts. • Failure to satisfy judgment. If a court has given judgment against him, and he fails to satisfy the judgment due to insufficient property. • If the insolvent makes, or attempts making any disposition of any of his property which has, or would have, the effect of prejudicing his creditors or of preferring one creditor above another.
Acts of insolvency • If he removes, or attempts to remove, any of his property with an intention to prejudice his creditors or to prefer one creditor above another. • If the insolvent makes, or offers to make, any arrangements with any of his creditors to release him wholly or in part from his debts. • Failure to apply for surrender. If after having published a notice of surrender of his estate which has not yet lapsed or been withdrawn, fails to submit a substantively correct and complete statement of affairs with the Master, or fails to apply for acceptance of the surrender of the estate on the date indicated by the notice
Acts of insolvency • Notice of inability to pay. If the debtor gives notice in writing to any one of his creditors that he is unable to pay any of his debts. • Inability to pay debts after notice of transfer of business. If, being a trader, he gives notice in the Gazette of his intention to transfer his business and is therefore unable to pay all of his debts.
Effect of sequestration on property • The sequestration of a person’s estate causes the insolvent estate to vest in the Master of the High Court and then in the trustee as soon as one is appointed to him. However, clothes, bedding, tools of trade and other essential means of substance remain in the hands of the insolvent. • Remuneration for work done by him after sequestration, pension monies, compensation for damages suffered by him in his personal capacity all remain in hands of insolvent.
Effects of sequestration • All civil proceedings stayed until trustee appointed • May not serve as director • Contracts – trustee to decide
Voidable dispositions • Can be set aside if: • Disposition made without value before sequestration & immediately afterwards liabilities exceeded assets • Disposition made not more than 6 months before sequestration which had effect of preferring one creditor & immediately afterwards liabilities exceeded assets • Disposition at any time before sequestration with intent to prefer a creditor & immediately afterwards liabilities exceeded assets
Trustee • Appointed by Master of the High Court to take control of insolvent estate • Duties include taking control of assets, collecting debts due, selling assets & paying creditors & doing admin and accounting to creditors and Master
Creditors meetings • First meeting – prove claims, elect trustee, interrogate • 2nd meeting – prove claims, interrogate, trustee reports back, creditors instruct • Additional meetings as necessary
Realisation of assets • Encumbered assets • Free residue
Submitting of claims • On affidavit with supporting documents • Only proven claims can share in proceeds • Danger of contribution
distribution • Secured creditors – mortgage, pawn, lien • Preferred creditors – notarial bond, tax, wages etc • Concurrent – share in free residue • Liquidation & Distribution account
compositions • Composition – offer to settle • Common law – only effective if all agree • Insolvency Act – needs to be accepted by ¾ of creditors holding ¾ of debt
rehabilitation • On application to High Court – (6 months – 10 years) – automatically after 10 years • On rehabilitation insolvents estate is restored, all debts prior to insolvency extinguished & full capacity
companies • Companies can be “wound-up” by the company registering a special resolution to wind up the company or by way of the company or creditors bringing a liquidation application to Court • Creditors can apply for liquidation if company fails to respond to payment demand, if nulla bona return or if proved company cannot pay its debts • Process similar to that of sequestration
