M. Amann, I. Bertok, J. Cofala, F. Gyarfas, C. Heyes. Z. Klimont, W. Sch öpp, W. Winiwarter

1. M. Amann, I. Bertok, J. Cofala, F. Gyarfas, C. Heyes. Z. Klimont, W. Schöpp, W. Winiwarter The CAFE baseline scenarios: Air quality and impacts

2. Air quality impactsanalyzed for the CAFE baseline scenario Health: • Loss in life expectancy attributable to PM2.5 • Premature deaths attributable to ozone Vegetation: • Ozone damage to forests (AOT40) • Excess acid deposition to forests • Excess acid deposition to semi-natural ecosystems • Excess acid deposition to lakes • Excess nitrogen deposition All impacts shown for “no further climate measures” scenario, average results of 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorological conditions

3. Inter-annual meteorological variabilityfor PM2.5 1997 1999 Rural concentrations,annual mean [µg/m3] from known anthropog. sources excluding sec. org. aerosols. Calculations with emissions for the year 2000 2000 2003

4. Anthropogenic contribution to PM2.5 2000 2010 2020 Rural concentrations, annual mean [µg/m3] from known anthropogenic sources excluding sec. org. aerosols Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

5. Anthropogenic contribution to PM2.52020 Rural concentrations, annual mean [µg/m3] from known anthropogenic sources excluding sec. org. aerosols Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

6. Loss in life expectancyattributable to anthropogenic PM2.5 [months] 2000 2010 2020 Loss in average statistical life expectancy due to identified anthropogenic PM2.5Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

7. Loss in life expectancy 2020attributable to anthropogenic PM2.5 [months] Loss in average statistical life expectancy due to identified anthropogenic PM2.5Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

8. Loss in life expectancyattributable to anthropogenic PM2.5 [months]

9. Premature mortality attributable to ozonerelated to excess of daily max. 8 hour means > 35 ppb (SOMO35) Applied relative risk factor: 1.003 / 10 µg/m3 increase in daily max 8 h mean

10. Health-relevant ozone concentrations[SOMO35, ppb.days] 2000 2010 2020 Rural concentrations Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

11. Premature deaths attributable to ozone[cases/year] Provisional calculations with 50*50 km resolution

12. Vegetation-relevant ozone concentrationsAOT40 [ppm.hours]m 2000 2010 2020 Critical level for forests = 5 ppm.hours Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

13. Vegetation-relevant ozone concentrations 2020AOT40 [ppm.hours] Critical level for forests: 5 ppm.hours Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

14. Acid deposition to forests 2000 2010 2020 Percentage of forest areawith acid deposition above critical loads, using ecosystem-specific deposition, Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

15. Acid deposition to forests2020 Percentage of forest areawith acid deposition above critical loads, using ecosystem-specific deposition, Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

16. Percent of forest area with acid deposition above critical loads

17. Acid deposition to semi-natural ecosystems including HABITAT areas 2000 2010 2020 Percentage of area of semi-natural ecosystemswith acid deposition above critical loads, using ecosystem-specific deposition. Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

18. Acid deposition to semi-natural ecosystemsincluding HABITAT areas, 2020 Percentage of area of semi-natural ecosystemswith acid deposition above critical loads, using ecosystem-specific deposition. Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

19. Semi-natural ecosystemswith acid deposition above critical loads [km2]

20. Acid deposition to freshwater bodies 2000 2010 2020 Percentage of catchments area with acid deposition above critical loads, using ecosystem-specific deposition. Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

21. Acid deposition to freshwater bodies2020 Percentage of catchments area with acid deposition above critical loads, using ecosystem-specific deposition. Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

22. Percent of lake catchments area with acid deposition above critical loads

23. Excess of critical loads for eutrophication 2000 2010 2020 Percentage of ecosystems area with nitrogen deposition above critical loads, using grid-average deposition. Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

24. Excess of critical loads for eutrophication 2020 Percentage of ecosystems area with nitrogen deposition above critical loads, using grid-average deposition. Average of calculations for 1997, 1999, 2000 & 2003 meteorologies

25. Percent of ecosystems area with nitrogen deposition above critical loads for eutrophication

26. Conclusions • With decreasing pollution, also impacts are expected to decline in the future. • However, problems will not be entirely resolved: • PM remains serious (~5 months life expectancy loss in 2020) • Ozone: • Remains a significant cause for premature deaths (Several 1000 cases in 2020) • Vegetation damage: Wide-spread violations of AOT40 critical level will prevail • Acidification: Will not disappear, mainly due to NH3 • Eutrophication remains unresolved