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Determinants of Health in Rich Countries

Determinants of Health in Rich Countries . Hserv 482 Session 2/3.

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Determinants of Health in Rich Countries

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  1. Determinants of Health in Rich Countries Hserv 482 Session 2/3

  2. "For years, the life expectancies of both men and women in the United States have lagged behind those of their counterparts in most other industrialized nations. … In 1998 the United States also ranked 28th in infant mortality among 39 industrialized nations. In the area of chronic disease, reported incidence rates in 1990 for all cancers in males and females were highest in the US among a group of 30 industrialized nations." National averages mask serious disparities [Black IMR 2.5 Whites] Pg 20-1

  3. SUMMARY FIRST CLASS • Discussed what we do to produce health for an individual, family, possibly a country • How to consider a country's health, and where does US stand among countries in health outcomes? • DID NOT GET TO CONSIDER Epistemology: how do we come to believe things or know things are true?

  4. NYT 050515

  5. Learning Objectives • Describe the various studies that associate hierarchy and health among rich countries • Describe associations between measures of income and various health-related outcomes in the United States • HAND IN QUIZ ANSWERS

  6. United Nations Human Development Report 2007

  7. 1st & 4th yr US medical student knowledge of Population Health (2002) Agrawal et. al. (2005)

  8. BETTER HEALTH MORE EQUALITY Wilkinson 1992 BMJ Income inequality and health

  9. Female Life Expectancy by County1990 C. Murray, Harvard, 1998 Female Life Expectancy 70.0 to 77.1 77.1 to 78.1 78.1 to 78.6 78.6 to 79.1 79.1 to 79.6 79.6 to 80.1 80.1 to 80.8 80.8 to 90.0 Where is our health?

  10. BETTER HEALTH MORE EQUALITY Kaplan 1996 BMJ

  11. Violence Related to gap between RICH and poor

  12. Youth violence Olympics—Homicide rates among youth aged 10-29 (most recent year available) from the World Health Organizations’ World Report on Violence and Health, 2002* *Austria, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland had fewer than 20 deaths reported and therefore rates were not calculated.

  13. Higher HOMICDE Rates MORE EQUALITY VIOLENCE AND INEQUALITY

  14. In Phillips County,Arkansas, the birth rate among teenage girls in 2000 was 127 births per 1,000 women aged 15 to 19 - a rate higher than in 94 developing countries. A fifth of 20-yr old women In the US gave birth in their teens SCF State of the World's Mothers 2004

  15. Figure 1b: Mean births per 1000 teens aged 15-17Counties divided into tertiles of poverty and income inequality County tertiles of income inequality Mean births per 1,000 teens County tertiles by per capita income Rachel Gold Maternal Child Health Jr 2001

  16. Higher TEEN BIRTHS Higher HOMICDE Rates Violence and Teen Birth Rates related Pickett AJPH 2005

  17. Teenage births Pickett et. al. AJPH 2005 Higher TEEN BIRTHS MORE EQUALITY

  18. "more egalitarian societies (i.e., those with a less steep differential between the richest and the poorest) have better average health" pg. 59

  19. What doesINEQUALITYmean?relative deprivation…..

  20. How might income distribution affect health? • Directly • Indirectly

  21. Culture of INEQUALITY stress

  22. Student Comment on personal examples of this relationship • relatives • friends • your travels • personal experience with being sick

  23. Poorer people have poorer health is the most consistent finding in epidemiologic research Inequality kills

  24. (last paragraph) "The primary determinants of disease are mainly economic and social, and therefore its remedies must also be economic and social. Medicine and politics cannot and should not be kept apart."

  25. Summary • Socioeconomic disparities are most important determinants of health status including: • -mortality measures (life expectancy, infant mortality, homicides • -teen births (and many others) • A gradient (slope), not a dichotomous (them/us) relationship

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