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Community assessment

Community assessment. Community Assessment Definition. The process of collecting data (from primary and secondary sources) and information regarding demographics, health status, and the infrastructure of a defined community. Community Health Assessment Guide categories. Community Place

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Community assessment

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  1. Community assessment

  2. Community Assessment Definition The process of collecting data (from primary and secondary sources) and information regarding demographics, health status, and the infrastructure of a defined community.

  3. Community Health Assessment Guide categories • Community • Place • People • Function • Community Health • Status • Structure • Process

  4. Community/Place • Geopolitical boundaries of community • Local or folk name for community • Size in square miles/areas/blocks • Transportation avenues • Physical environment

  5. Community/People • Number and density of population • Demographic structure of populations • Informal groups • Formal groups • Linking structure

  6. Community/Function • Production-distribution –consumption of goods and services • Socialization of new members • Maintenance of social control • Adapting to ongoing and unexpected change • Provision of mutual aid

  7. Community Health/Status • Vital statistics • Fetal death, abortion, birth, death, marriage, divorce to calculate demographics e.g. fertility rate • Disease incidence and prevalence for leading cause of mortality and morbidity • Health risk profiles • Functional ability levels

  8. Community Health/Structure • Health Facilities • Health-related planning groups • Health manpower • Health resource utilization patterns

  9. Community Health/Process • Commitment • Self-other awareness and clarity of situational definitions • Effective communication • Conflict containment and accommodation • Participation • Management of relations with larger society • Machinery for facilitating participant interaction and decision making.

  10. Another Category of Community Assessment • Health & social services • Communication • Economics • Recreation • Physical environment • Education • Safety and transportation • Politics & government

  11. Community Assessment Wheel

  12. Ten essential Services in Community Health Nursing Practice • Monitor health status to identify health problems • E.g. community health assessment with vital statistics and risk profiles • Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community • E.g. Surveillance system

  13. Ten essential Services in Community Health Nursing Practice • Inform, educate and empower people about health issues • Mobilize community partnerships and actions to identify and solve health problems • Convening and facilitating community groups to promote health

  14. Ten essential Services in Community Health Nursing Practice • Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health problems • Leadership and development • Enforce laws and regulations that protect and ensure safety • Enforcement of sanitary codes

  15. Ten essential Services in Community Health Nursing Practice • Link people to needed personal health services and ensure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable • Ensure a competent public health and personal health care workforce.

  16. Ten essential Services in Community Health Nursing Practice • Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services. • Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.

  17. Factors affecting the selection of community assessment method • The purpose of assessment • Financial resources • Time limitations • Effort • Accuracy of required information

  18. Factors affecting the selection of community assessment method • Feasibility of conducting the assessment • Acceptance of the defined community to assessment process • The expertise of the person conducting the assessment

  19. Purposes of community Assessment • To determine the health status of a community or a target group • E.g. determine the health needs of elderly • Provide understanding about a problem and contributing factors • Reasons of premature death

  20. Purposes of community Assessment • Identify health related resources • Increase awareness of policy makers of both health and non health issues of concern to community members.

  21. Data Collection Methods • Epidemiologic Approach • System Approach • Observational approach • Key informants Approach • Rates- under treatment approach • Community forum approach • Social indicators approach • Survey Approach

  22. Epidemiologic Approach • Based on three elements: • Agent • Host • Environment

  23. System Approach • The community is divided into subsystems and data collected separately about each system. • Health system • Environmental system • Communication system • Transportation system • Recreational system • Social system • Economic system • Educational system

  24. System Approach cont • Easy method for data collection and analysis

  25. Observational approach • Used as initial approach for data collection • Use five senses to collect data • Make a tour in the community wearing compatible dress • Adv: Correct, quick • Disadv: personal bias

  26. Key informants Approach • Interview persons in leadership positions that have sensitive information • E.g. The director of health care center • Adv: Quick, does not need effort or financial resources • Disadv: bias because the health needs perspectives differ between leaders and customers of health care services

  27. Rates- under treatment approach • Interview the people visiting the health care center • Adv: better identification of health care needs, correct, easy, and quick • Disadv: bias because this group may not be representative to the whole community

  28. Community forum approach • Invite community members to meet in certain time and place. • Adv: mix of leaders and common people • Disadv: not representative to whole community because some people may not able to come & have significant information

  29. Social indicators approach • Collect data from reports in the department of statistics or health care center • Adv: correct • Disadv: risk for missing some data due to loss of document or selecting data for certain purposes according to the purpose of the institution

  30. Survey Approach • The best approach overcome the disadvantages of the other approaches • Select random sample from the community to represent the community • Adv: not biased, representative • disadv: need time and financial resources

  31. Community Assessment Community assessment information can be classified under three categories: • information about community management. • information about the population • information about health

  32. information about community management. • Internal and external policies • First step

  33. information about the population • Geographical location • population • Density • environment • education • Social and economic level

  34. information about the population • Culture and customs • communication • transportation • Safety hazards • Security and safty

  35. information about the population • Recreation • General services

  36. information about health It includes: • Health status • Health services

  37. Health status • Mortality rates • Birth rates • Morbidity rates

  38. Mortality rates • Crude Mortality rates • Mortality rates according to gender • Mortality rates according to age • Mortality rates according to cause

  39. Morbidity rates • Prevalence rate • Incidence rate • The most common diseases according to season • The most common diseases according to gender and age groups

  40. Health services • Size of health care services • Quality of health care services

  41. Size of health care services • Number and size of hospitals and the services provided by them. • Number of health care centers • Number of pharmacies • Number of labs.

  42. Quality of health care services • Scientific qualifications of the health team • The ways of communication between health care providers and customers of health services. • Availability of equipments • The use of services by health customers

  43. Setting Priorities after community Assessment • The CHN should consider the following aspects to priorities community health needs: • The size of the problem • The strength of the problem( fatality)

  44. Setting Priorities after community Assessment • How long does it take to solve the problem • If solving the problem will solve other problems spontaneously • The ability to solve the problem • The availability of financial and human resources.

  45. Community Assessment Guide • Name of the Community: • Location: • History of the Community: • Population: • Environment: • Housing • Services( electricity, water, security, drain)

  46. Community Assessment Guide • Economic and social status • Communication system • Education system • Governmental leadership • Transportation • Welfare agencies • Recreation

  47. Community Assessment Guide • Religious places • Health and health services • Available Health services • Quality of services • Chronic diseases • Most common diseases • Communicable diseases • Main cause of death (by age, sex, cause) • Any other problem

  48. Community Assessment Guide • List of health problems according to priorities • Plan of solving the health problems

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