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Preventing Injuries

Preventing Injuries. Chapter 12. Unintentional vs. Intentional. Injuries can be unintentional – Accidents Injuries can be intentional – Violent acts. Unintentional Injuries. Accident versus unintentional injury Accident suggests: chance, fate, inevitability Unintentional injury considers:

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Preventing Injuries

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  1. Preventing Injuries Chapter 12

  2. Unintentional vs. Intentional • Injuries can be unintentional – Accidents • Injuries can be intentional – Violent acts

  3. Unintentional Injuries • Accident versus unintentional injury • Accident suggests: • chance, fate, inevitability • Unintentional injury considers: • individual behaviors • environmental conditions • laws • enforcement

  4. Injury-related death • There were 146,400 injury-related deaths in 1997. • Motor vehicle traffic 42,473 • Firearm-related 32,436 • Poisoning 17,692 • Falls 12,555

  5. Unintentional Injuries-Childhood • Leading cause of death for children • Automobile accidents • Drowning • Burns, Falls, Suffocation • Poisoning has decreased

  6. Unintentional Injuries-Youth • Leading cause of death for adolescents • Motor Vehicle Accidents – Alcohol/Seatbelt • Unintentional gunshot wounds

  7. Unintentional Injuries-Adulthood • Until 40, car accidents still are leading cause of death. After that, steep decline. • Job related deaths

  8. Reducing Unintentional Injuries • Changing Individual Behavior • Changing the Environment • Changing the Law

  9. Changing Individual Behavior • Preventing Home Injuries • Prevention programs geared to parents • Preventing Work Injuries • Personalizing workplace safety • Vehicle-Related Injuries • Seatbelts, Helmets and Alcohol

  10. Worksite wellness • 80% of large companies (more than 50 employees) have a wellness program • insurance costs • prevention versus cure • productivity • absenteeism • turnover • energy • injuries

  11. Changing the Environment • Inspection • Education • Modification

  12. Changing the Law • Generally more effective than individual or environmental interventions • Seatbelts • Hazardous Materials • Drinking Age

  13. Effective legislation • Laws increasing the penalty ineffective • Laws increasing the certainty of getting caught effective • Laws that raise taxes on alcoholic beverages also effective.

  14. Intentional Injuries

  15. Intentional Injuries • Suicide • Homicide • Child Abuse • Domestic Violence • Non-relational

  16. Intentional Injuries-Childhood • Child Abuse • Injury • Death

  17. Intentional Injuries-Youth • Gun Violence • Suicide • Sexual Assault

  18. Homicide and suicide • Guns kept in the home are 43 times more likely to kill a family member or friend than to kill in self-defense

  19. Suicide • For young people 15 to 24 years old, suicide is the third leading cause of death, behind unintentional injury and homicide.

  20. Suicide • Suicide is the third leading cause of death for teens. Every 46 minutes, a young person kills himself or herself-- over 60% of the time with a firearm. In 1994, 3,344 youths aged 15-24 committed suicide with firearms.

  21. Suicide • In 1992, more teenagers and young adults died from suicide than died from cancer, heart disease, HIV infection or AIDS, birth defects, pneumonia and influenza, stroke, and chronic lung disease combined.

  22. Suicide Prevention • One survey of high school students found: • 24% seriously considered suicide • 9% made an attempt • 3% sought medical attention • Interventions • treatment for depression, substance abuse • crisis counseling • educational programs

  23. Guns and Suicide • Impulsiveness appears to play an important role in suicide, especially youth suicide. It is not uncommon for adolescents to have passing suicidal impulses and the availability of a gun increases the likelihood suicide will be completed.

  24. Guns and Suicide • Research indicates a gun in the home is about 43 times more likely to be used for suicide or murder than self-defense.

  25. Guns and Suicide • For every case of self-protective homicide involving a firearm kept in the home, 37 suicides, 4.6 criminal homicides and 1.3 unintentional deaths occur (an overall ratio of 43 to 1) (Kellermann and Reay, 1986).

  26. Intentional Injuries-Adulthood

  27. Preventing violence • Murder rate not escalating • Black males have far higher death rate from homicide. 8 to 10 times that of whites • Causes of violence • poverty, injustice • availability of weapons • glorification of violence

  28. Domestic violence • Violent crimes occur more frequently within families than among strangers. • Major health problem in the U.S.

  29. Domestic violence • A woman is more likely to be assaulted, raped or murdered by a current of former male partner than by any other assailant. • Text suggests that 25% of women and 30% of men endorse violence in some disputes.

  30. Reducing Intentional Injuries • Home • School/Community • Workplace • Instituitional

  31. Home • Child Abuse • Prevention • Treatment • Domestic Violence • Prevention • Treatment

  32. School/Community • Direct • Indirect

  33. Workplace • Spillover DV • Dangerous Employees

  34. Institutional • Child Abuse at School/Daycare • Elder Abuse

  35. Preventing Suicide • Educational Programs • Telephone Hotlines • Limit Access to Guns

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