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Desertification and Health Effects of Desert Dusts

Desertification and Health Effects of Desert Dusts. Hasan Bayram MD, PhD. Department of Chest Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Gaziantep E-mail: bayram@gantep.edu.tr. TTS 16 th Annual Congress, Antalya 3-7 April, 2013. Contents. Desertification: Globally , Turkey Sand storms

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Desertification and Health Effects of Desert Dusts

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  1. Desertification and HealthEffects of Desert Dusts Hasan Bayram MD, PhD. Department of Chest Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Gaziantep E-mail: bayram@gantep.edu.tr TTS 16th Annual Congress, Antalya 3-7 April, 2013

  2. Contents • Desertification:Globally,Turkey • Sand storms • Contents of desert dusts • Health effects of desert dust • Mortality • Hospitalization • Experimentalstudies; inflammation • Summary

  3. Desertification: Globally • Inlastfourdecades, 15 to 63% of global landresulted in degradation • In the drylands, due to drought and desertification, 12 million hectares of land are transformedinto new man-made deserts each year. • An area with the potential to produce20 million tons of grain every year. Zero Net Land Degradation,UNCCD, 2012

  4. KeyObservedandProjectedClimateChangeandImpactsfortheMainRegions in Europe Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012 EEA Report No: 12/2012

  5. Desertification: Turkey • Turkey and Middle East; greater risk • Summer temperature increases, mostly Western and South Western Turkey. • Winter precipitation in Western Turkey decreased in last five decades. • Most areas of Turkey including Inner Anatolia, Western and South Eastern Turkey (Mesopotamia Basin) has high potential for desertification Bayram H, Ozturk AB, Chapter in Pinkerton KE, Rom W (eds), ClimateChangeand Global PublicHealth, 2013 (in press).

  6. Trend, Frequency of Sand Storms • Analysis of long-term meteorological records of the Great Plains of the USA, the USSR, Morocco, The Arabian Gulf, Australia, the Sahel-Sudan zone of Africa, China, Mongolia and Mexico • No global pattern • “Some stations (e.g. in the Sahel) show a clear upward trend of great severity, others show a downward trend (e.g. Mexico City), while others show a more cyclical pattern” Goudie AS; Middleton NJ, ClimChange, 1992

  7. Trend, Frequency of SandStorms –Middleast • Dust observations in Israel were carried out since 1958. During 1958-2006, 966 dust days were observed. • The number of dust days associated with Red Sea Troughs has increased by 2.3 d/10 yr, and with highs by 0.9 d/10 yr. • The total incidence of dust days has increased with an average rate of 2.7 days per decade Ganor E, et al, J Geophysıcal Res. Atmosph. 2010

  8. Sudan, July 11, 2010 http://wholeheartedly-sudaniya.blogspot.com/2010/07/kataha-sand-storm.html

  9. Dust Plumes Blowing From the Sahara Desert in theDirection Of Turkey Perfumo A, Marchant R Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 2010.

  10. Gaziantep - 14. 03. 2013 Hakimiyet Newspaper, Gaziantep.

  11. Ministry of EnvironmentandUrbanisation AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS WEB

  12. Concentrations of ElementalSpecies in AerosolSamplesfromSaharanDust, Oct 2007 Koçak M, et al. AtmosEnviron, 2012

  13. Bacteria in DesertDust: YellowSand • Aquabacterium sp., Flavobacteriales bacterium sp., Prevotellaceae bacterium sp., others • Non-YellowSand: Propionibacterium sp., Bacillus sp., Acinetobacter sp., and others. Lee S, et al. Sci Total Environ. 2009

  14. DustSamples: • Thermophilicorganisms: • Geobacillus(G) thermoglucosidasius • G. thermodenitrificans, • Aeribacilluspallidus Perfumo A, Marchant R. Environ. Microbiolo. Rep., 2010.

  15. FungalCompositions in Asian DustEvents in Taipei, Taiwan Chao HJ et al. Int J Biometeorol, 2012.

  16. Al EskanDisease: Desert Storm Pneumonitis • An acute desert-related disease • A new clinicopathological entity, Desert Storm pneumonitis or Al Eskan disease • Hyperergic lung condition, opportunistic infection of the lung, hyperergia. • Fine Saudi sand dust (0.1-0.25µm) and pigeon droppings Korényi-Both AL, et al. Mil Med. 1992

  17. Odds Ratios (non-Saharan dust [white], Saharandust[black]Intrusion days), of Daily TotalMortality for an Increase of 10 μg/m3 of PM10-2.5. Tobias A, et al. SciTotEnviron 2011.

  18. Effects of DesertDust (>0.1 mg/m3) on Asthma Hospitalization in Children in Japan Kanatani KT, et al. Am J RespirCrit Care Med, 2010

  19. CardiopulmEffects of DesertDust (1996-2001)

  20. RespiratoryEffects, AsianDustStorm

  21. HealthEffects of DesertDust

  22. Pneumoconiosis • Pneumoconiosis; progressive massive fibrosis and egg shell calcification of hilar glands • The prevalence of pneumoconiosis in three villages was 2.0%, 20.1% and 45.3%, Ladakh, India. • The free silica content of the storms was between 60 and 70%. Saiyed HN, et al. Br J Ind Med. 1991

  23. EnvironHealthPerspect, 2010.

  24. Effects of Asian Sand Dust(ASD) on PathologicalChanges in the Lungs of Mice ASD saline OVA • OVA+ASD • ASD-SO4 OVA+ASD HE Stain PAS Stain Hiyoshia K, et al. EnvironRes 2005

  25. Male Sprague-Dawley rats • A single intratrachealdose of 1, 5, or 10 mg of Middle East PM10 collected inKuwait, • Silica (positive control), or titanium dioxide (TiO2); • 24 hrs, 3 d, 7 d and 6 molater, histopathologicalchanges • BALF; cellular and biochemical parameters, including cytokines and chemokines.

  26. Total protein (µg/ml) LDH (µg/ml) Wilfong ER, et al. J ToxicolEnvironHealth, 2011

  27. Concentrations of 1β, MIP-2 and MCP-1 in BALF Wilfong ER, et al. J ToxicolEnvironHealth, 2011

  28. Effects of Middle East Sand Particles (10mg) on PathologicalChanges in the Lungs. saline 24h 3d 7d Wilfong ER, et al. J ToxicolEnvironHealth, 2011

  29. Yellowdust (Kosa) samples (fromdifferentlocations), administered intratracheally tomice • Bronchitis, alveolitis, • Neutrophils, lymphocytesoreosinophils in BAL, dosedependent • IL-12, TNF-α, KC, MCP-l and MIP-l increased in BAL • β-glucanwaseffective Ichinosea T et al. 2005

  30. Effects of AsianDustParticles (250µg) on Gene Expression of InflammatoryCytokines in Mice MIP-2 KC MIP-1α IP-10 Yanagisawa R, et al. Exp.Biol. Med. 2007

  31. Effects of Asian Sand Dust (ASD) on Rhinovirus-induced CytokineSecretion and ViralReplication in HumanNEC • Primary human nasal epithelial cells treated with ASD and/or rhinovirus (RV) • ASD significantly increased RV-induced IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA levels and protein secretion • ASD increased RV replication • ASD may potentiate common cold symptoms associated with RV infection Yeo NK, et al. InhalToxicol, 2010.

  32. Effects of AsianDustParticles on Expression of Cytochromesand Pro-inflammatory Cytokin Genes in Human EpidermalKeratinocytes Choia H, et al. ToxicolLett, 2011.

  33. Summary • Desertification is a serious problem • Sand storms, increasing • Desert dustscontainchemical, microbial, viralandfungalagents • Effects on mortality, hospitalization • Exerttheseeffectsbyinducinginflammationandsensitivitytoinfectiveagents

  34. O Arseven THANK YOU FOR YOUR INTEREST

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