Critical Information Infrastructure Protection A Commonwealth Perspective

1. ITU Workshop on “ICT Security Standardizationfor Developing Countries” Critical Information Infrastructure ProtectionACommonwealth Perspective Geneva, Switzerland 15-16th September 2014 Dr Martin Koyabe Head of Research & Consultancy Commonwealth Telecommunications Organization (CTO) E-mail: m.koyabe@cto.int

2. Acknowledgement

3. Understanding CIIP General definition • Critical Resources • Interdependencies • Critical Infrastructure • Critical Information Infrastructure

4. Critical Resources Energy Forests Water Defined by some national governments to include:- • Natural & environmental resources (water, energy, forests etc) • National monuments & icons, recognized nationally & internationally

5. Critical Infrastructure (1/3) Power Grid Roads Airports Defined by some national governments to include:- • Nation’s public works, e.g. bridges, roads, airports, dams etc • Increasingly includes telecommunications, in particular major national and international switches and connections

6. Critical Infrastructure (2/3) “ an asset or system which is essential for the maintenance of vital societal functions. The damage to a critical infrastructure, its destruction or disruption by natural disasters, terrorism, criminal activity or malicious behaviour, may have a significant negative impact for the security of the EU and the well-being of its citizens.” Source: European Union (EU) “ the assets, systems, and networks, whether physical or virtual, so vital to the United States that their incapacitation or destruction would have a debilitating effect on security, national economic security, national public health or safety, or any combination thereof.” Source: US Homeland Security “ the (CNI) comprises those assets, services and systems that support the economic, political and social life of the UK whose importance is such that loss could either, cause large-scale loss of life; have a serious impact on the national economy; have other grave social consequences for the community; or be of immediate concern to the national government.” Source: UK Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure (CPNI)

7. Critical Infrastructure (3/3) “ those physical facilities, supply chains, information technologies and communication networks which, if destroyed, degraded or rendered unavailable for an extended period, would significantly impact on the social or economic wellbeing of the nation or affect Australia’s ability to conduct national defense and ensure national security.” Source: The Australian, State & Territory Government “ processes, systems, facilities, technologies, networks, assets and services essential to the health, safety, security or economic well-being of Canadians and the effective functioning of government. Critical infrastructure can be stand-alone or interconnected and interdependent within and across provinces, territories and national borders. Disruptions of critical infrastructure could result in catastrophic loss of life, adverse economic effects, and Significant harm to public confidence. Source: Government of Canada “those facilities, systems, orfunctions, whoseincapacity or destruction would cause a debilitating impact on national security, governance, economy and social well-being of a nation” Source: National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC)

8. What about commonwealth member countries? Do they have a national critical infrastructure initiative or strategy?

9. Critical Infrastructure Sub-Sectors e.g. Germany has technical basic & social-economic services infrastructure

10. Critical Information Infrastructure (1/2) CII definition:- “ Communications and/or information service whose availability, reliability and resilience are essential to the functioning of a modern economy, security, and other essential social values.” Rueschlikon Conference on Information Policy Report, 2005

11. Critical Information Infrastructure (2/2) Critical Information Infrastructure Cross-cutting ICT interdependencies among all sectors Energy Transportation Telecoms Critical Infrastructures Non-essential IT Systems Finance/Banking Government Services Essential IT Systems Cyber security Practices and procedures that enable the secure use and operation of cyber tools and technologies Large Enterprises End-users

12. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP) • Widespread use of Internet have transformed stand-alone systems and predominantly closed networks into a virtually seamless fabric of interconnectivity. • ICT or Information infrastructure enables large scale processes throughout the economy, facilitating complex interactions among systems across global networks. • ICT or Information infrastructure enables large scale processes throughout the economy, facilitating complex interactions among systems across global networks; and many of the critical services that are essential to the well-being of the economy are increasingly becoming dependent on IT.

13. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP) • Today Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP) • Focuses on protection of IT systems and assets • Telecoms, computers/software, Internet, interconnections & networks services • Ensures Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability • Required 27/4 (365 days) • Part of the daily modern economy and the existence of any country Power Grid Water Supply National Defence Telecom Network National Defence Public Health Law Enforcement

14. CII Attack Scenarios Health Services Cloud Services Telecoms Finance/Banking eGovernment Natural disaster, power outage, or hardware failure Resource exhaustion (due to DDoS attack) Cyber attack (due to a software flaw) Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) Cross-cutting ICT interdependencies among all sectors

15. Future CII Attack Vectors • Expanding Infrastructures • Fiber optic connectivity • TEAMS/Seacom/EASSy • Mobile/Wireless Networks • Africa – accounts for 30% of ALL mobile phones in the world • Existence of failed states • Increased ship piracy • To fund other activities • Cyber warfare platforms • Doesn’t need troops or military hardware • Cyber communities • Social Networks – Attacker’s “gold mine”

16. Global trends towards CIIP • Increased awareness for CIIP & cyber security • Countries aware that risks to CIIP need to be managed • Whether at National, Regional or International level • Cyber security & CIIP becoming essential tools • For supporting national security & social-economic well-being • At national level • Increased need to share responsibilities & co-ordination • Among stakeholders in prevention, preparation, response & recovery • At regional & international level • Increased need for co-operation & co-ordination with partners • In order to formulate and implement effective CIIP frameworks

17. Challenges for developing countries #1: Cost and lack of (limited) financial investment • Funds required to establish a CIIP strategic framework can be a hindrance • Limited human & institutional resources Source: GDP listed by IMF (2013)

18. Challenges for developing countries Emergency care (Police, Firefighters, Ambulances) Public Transport eGovernment #2: Technical complexity in deploying CIIP • Need to understand dependencies & interdependencies • Especially vulnerabilities & how they cascade Public eComms Banks & Trading Online services, cloud computing Public Administration Emergency Calls Telco sites, switch areas, interconnections Private Datacenters Public Datacenters Regional Power Supply Private D2D links Powerplants Regional Power Grid Regional network, cables, wires, trunks (90%) 30 days outages are disastrous (99%) 3 days outages are disastrous (99.9%) 8 hr outages are disastrous

19. Challenges for developing countries #3: Need for Cybersecurity education & culture re-think • Create awareness on importance of Cybersecurity & CIIP • By sharing information on what works & successful best practices • Creating a Cybersecurity culture can promote trust & confidence • It will stimulate secure usage, ensure protection of data and privacy

20. Challenges for developing countries #4: Lack of relevant CII strategies, policies & legal framework • Needs Cybercrime legislation & enforcement mechanisms • Setup policies to encourage co-operation among stakeholders • Especially through Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP) #5: Lack of information sharing & knowledge transfer • It is important at ALL levels National, Regional & International • Necessary for developing trust relationships among stakeholders • Including CERT teams

21. Steps towards CI Protection (1) Establish CIP Goals, e.g. • Critical Infrastructure (CI) Critical infrastructures (CI) provide the essential services that support modern information societies and economies. Some CI support critical functions and essential services so vital that the incapacitation, exploitation, or destruction, through natural disaster, technological failure, accidents or intentional attacks could have a debilitating effect on national security and economic well-being. • Understand Critical Infrastructure (CI) Risks CI exploitation, or destruction, through natural disaster, technological failure, accidents or intentional attacks could have a debilitating effect on national security and economic well-being. • Articulate CIP policy/goals Prevent or minimize disruptions to critical information infrastructures, no matter the source, and thereby protect the people, the economy, the essential human and government services, and the national security. In the event disruptions do occur, they should be infrequent, of minimal duration and manageable. • Establish Public-Private Partnerships National CIP framework includes relevant government entities, as well as, establishing public private partnerships involving corporate and non-governmental organizations.

22. Steps towards CI Protection (2) Define CIP Roles Government Define CIP goal and roles Define Policy and Identify Roles Public-Private Partnership Define what’s critical Determine Acceptable Risks Levels Infrastructure Prioritize Risks Operators & Service Providers Deploy best control solutions

23. Steps towards CI Protection Government Shared Private

24. Steps towards CI Protection (3) Identify & Prioritize Critical Functions • Understand the critical functions, infrastructure elements, and key resources necessary for • Delivering essential services • Maintaining the orderly operations if the economy • Ensure public safety. Interdependencies Understand requirements & complexity

25. Steps towards CI Protection (4) Continuously Assess and Mange Risks • Identify key functions • Assess risks • Evaluate consequences • Evaluate program effectiveness • Leverage findings to improve risk management • Define functional requirements • Evaluate proposed controls • Estimate risk reduction/cost benefit • Select mitigation strategy • Based on holistic approach • Implement defense in-depth • Organize by control effectiveness

26. Steps towards CI protection (5) Establish & Exercise Emergency Plans • Develop joint PPP plans for managing emergencies – including recovering critical functions in the event of significant incidents, including but limited to natural disasters, terrorist attacks, technological failures or accidents. • Create emergency response plans to mitigate damage and promote resiliency. • Create effective emergency response plans that are generally short and highly actionable so they can be readily tested, evaluated, and implemented. • Testing and exercising emergency plans to promote trust, understanding and greater operational coordination among public and private sector organizations. • Exercises also provide an important opportunity by identifying new risk factors that can be addressed in response plans or controlled through regular risk management functions.

27. Steps towards CII protection (5) Establish Public Private Partnership (PPP) • Promote trusted relationships needed for information sharing and collaborating on difficult problems • Leverage the unique skills of government and private sector organizations • Provide the flexibility needed to collaboratively address today’s dynamic threat environment

28. Steps towards CII protection (6) Build Security & Resiliency into Operations • Ability to prepare for and adapt to changing conditions, and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions • Implement contingency frameworks that will enable critical functions to withstand and recover from deliberate attacks, accidents, or naturally occurring threats or incidents

29. Steps towards CII protection (7) Update & Innovate Technology and Processes • Cyber threats are constantly evolving • All CIP stakeholders need to prepare for changes in cyber threats • Constantly monitor trends and changes in critical function dependencies • Keep systems patched and maintain the latest software versions • Adopt smart & effective procedures and processes

30. Commonwealth Cybergovernance Model

31. Trends in Cyberspace • Cyberspace provides access to ICT • Bridging the digital divide and influencing social-economic activities • Cyberspace is increasingly becoming a global system • Anticipated to grow from 2-4 Billion users by 2020 (mostly from developing countries) • Cyberspace is open, decentralised and empowering • This has fostered innovation, collaboration and rapid development • Cyberspace success depends on it’s infrastructure • Infrastructure should be secure, resilient and available to users • Cyberspace can also be used for criminal activities • Cybercrimes, extremisms and other social crimes

32. Why a Commonwealth Model • Contrasting views emerging across the world on governing the Cyberspace • Harmonisation is critical to facilitate the growth and to realise the full potentials of Cyberspace • Commonwealth family subscribes to common values and principles which are equally well applicable to Cyberspace • CTO is the Commonwealth agency mandated in ICTs • The project was launched at the 53rd council meeting of the CTO in Abuja, Nigeria (9th Oct 2013) • Wide consultations with stakeholders • Adopted at the Commonwealth ICT Ministers Forum on 3rd and 4th March 2014 in London

33. Objectives The Cybergovernance Model aims to guide Commonwealth members in:- • Developing policies, legislation and regulations • Planning and implementing practical technical measures • Fostering cross-border collaboration • Building capacity

34. Commonwealth Values in Cyberspace • Based on Commonwealth Charter of March 2013 • Democracy, human rights and rule of law • The Charter expressed the commitment of member states to • The development of free and democratic societies • The promotion of peace and prosperity to improve the lives of all peoples • Acknowledging the role of civil society in supporting Commonwealth activities • Cyberspace today and tomorrow should respect and reflect the Commonwealth Values • This has led to defining Commonwealth principles for use of Cyberspace

35. Commonwealth Principle for use of Cyberspace Principle 1: We contribute to a safe and an effective global Cyberspace • as a partnership between public and private sectors, civil society and users, a collective creation; • with multi-stakeholder, transparent and collaborative governance promoting continuous development of Cyberspace; • where investment in the Cyberspace is encouraged and rewarded; • by providing sufficient neutrality of the network as a provider of information services; • by offering stability in the provision of reliable and resilient information services; • by having standardisation to achieve global interoperability; • by enabling all to participate with equal opportunity of universal access; • as an open, distributed, interconnected internet; • providing an environment that is safe for its users, particularly the young and vulnerable; • made available to users at an affordable price.

36. Commonwealth Principle for use of Cyberspace Principle 2: Our actions in Cyberspace support broader economic and social development • by enabling innovation and sustainable development, creating greater coherence and synergy, through collaboration and the widespread dissemination of knowledge; • respecting cultural and linguistic diversity without the imposition of beliefs; • promoting cross-border delivery of services and free flow of labour in a multi-lateral trading system; • allowing free association and interaction between individuals across borders; • supporting and enhancing digital literacy; • providing everyone with information that promotes and protects their rights and is relevant to their interests, for example to support transparent and accountable government; • enabling and promoting multi-stakeholder partnerships; • facilitating pan-Commonwealth consultations and international linkages in a single globally connected space that also serves local interests.

37. Commonwealth Principle for use of Cyberspace Principle 3: We act individually and collectively to tackle cybercrime • nations, organisations and society work together to foster respect for the law; • to develop relevant and proportionate laws to tackle Cybercrime effectively; • to protect our critical national and shared infrastructures; • meeting internationally-recognised standards and good practice to deliver security; • with effective government structures working collaboratively within and between states; • with governments, relevant international organisations and the private sector working closely to prevent and respond to incidents.

38. Commonwealth Principle for use of Cyberspace Principle 4: We each exercise our rights and meet our responsibilities in Cyberspace • we defend in Cyberspace the values of human rights, freedom of expression and privacy as stated in our Charter of the Commonwealth; • individuals, organisations and nations are empowered through their access to knowledge; • users benefit from the fruits of their labours; intellectual property is protected accordingly; • users can benefit from the commercial value of their own information; accordingly, responsibility and liability for information lies with those who create it; • responsible behaviour demands users all meet minimum Cyberhygiene requirements; • we protect the vulnerable in society in their use of Cyberspace; • we, individually and collectively, understand the consequences of our actions and our responsibility to cooperate to make the shared environment safe; our obligation is in direct proportion to culpability and capability.

39. Practical Application of Commonwealth Principles • Commonwealth members can develop individual strategies • Aimed at addressing unique local needs and socio-economic priorities • The Commonwealth Telecommunications Organisation welcomes engagement by all stakeholders

40. Q & A Session Further Information Contact: Dr Martin Koyabe Email: m.koyabe@cto.int Tel: +44 (0) 208 600 3815 (Off) +44 (0) 791 871 2490 (Mob)