CANADA’S NATIONAL LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

1. CANADA’S NATIONAL LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS Owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian universities via a contribution through the National Research Council Canada LABORATOIRE NATIONAL CANADIENPOUR LA RECHERCHE EN PHYSIQUE NUCLÉAIRE ET EN PHYSIQUE DES PARTICULES Propriété d’un consortium d’universités canadiennes, géré en co-entreprise à partir d’une contribution administrée par le Conseil national de recherches Canada Project ALPHA:Antihydrogen Laser Physics Apparatus OUTLINE ALPHA introduction New Results with Si vertex detector Development for Spectroscopy TRIUMF Review on ALPHA Makoto C. Fujiwara, ACOT, March 13, 2009

2. ALPHA Antihydrogen Project • ALPHA: Canadian funding in Jan 2006 First beam at CERN in July 2006 • May 2007, first ALPHA presentation at ACOT • April 2008, TRIUMF Review on ALPHA (see attached report) • Increasingly strong university participation • UBC, Calgary, Simon Fraser, York + Montreal (5 graduate students) • Rob Thompson: leading the effort for U. Calgary to join TRIUMF as Associate Member • ALPHA-Canada: significant force in ALPHA • Responsible for much of subatomic physics aspects • Leading the development of antihydrogen spectroscopy

3. Motivations: Simple and Clear • Atomic hydrogen: one of best studied systems • Comparison with Hbar (antihydrogen): a “must do” • CPT symmetry, Gravity • Stable trapping of Hbar: • Technical bottleneck for symmetry tests • Opening up new field: Antimatter Science

4. 10-12 10-9 AD p- Production (GeV) Deceleration (MeV) Na-22 e+ Production (MeV) Moderation Accumulation (eV) Cooling ( ~ meV) 108 e+ 104 p- Superimpose Magnetic Trap Trapping (keV) Cooling (~ meV) Trapping Antihydrogen Cold Hbar Production: ATHENA (2002) + Neutral Trap Easy, eh?

5. Plasma stability Normally axial symmetry assures plasma confinement [O’Neil’s confinement theorem] Magnetic trap field strongly breaks the symmetry 108 e+ 104 p- Challenges in Anti-Atom Trapping • Antimatter atoms • Can’t buy an antihydrogen gas bottle! • Standard atom trap techniques do not apply • Need to invent new methods • Atomic formation processes • Not completely understood e.g. MCF et al, PRL 101, 053401 (2008) “Pushing new physics boundaries in plasma, atomic and other fields” TRIUMF Review Report

6. Plasma stability Normally axial symmetry assures plasma confinement [O’Neil’s confinement theorem] Magnetic trap field strongly breaks the symmetry 108 e+ 104 p- Challenges in Anti-Atom Trapping • Antimatter atoms • Can’t buy an antihydrogen gas bottle! • Must be synthesized in situ from pbar and e+ plasmas • Compatibility of Penning trap and neutral trap • Standard atom trap techniques do not apply • No anti-Teflon walls • No convenient lasers • No collisional cooling • Atomic formation processes • Not completely understood e.g. MCF et al, PRL 101, 053401 (2008) “Pushing new physics boundaries in plasma, atomic and other fields” TRIUMF Review Report

7. ALPHA: Before and After

8. What we have achieved so far • Design, Construction, commissioning: NIM(2006) • Trapping of e-, e+, pbars in Penning traps • Electron cooling of pbars • Hbar production at 3T (like ATHENA) • Pbar, e+ confinement in Octupole field:PRL (2007) • Hbar production at 1T:J. Phys. B (2008) • Plasma diagnosis in Octupole:Phys. Plasmas (2008) • Pbar plasma radial manipulations:PRL (2008) • Commissioning of 2/3 Si detector • Observation of ballistic transport: in preparation for Phys. Lett. B • Discovery of zero-rotation bounce resonance: submitted to PRL • Production of Hbars in magnetic trap: submitted to PRL • First search for trapped antihydrogen: in preparation • Proposal for realistic schemes for microwave spectroscopy Reported at TRIUMF Review April 2008 New since May 2008

9. New Progress in 2008:ALPHA Si Vertex Detector Liverpool, TRIUMF + Calgary (Richard Hydomako), UBC (Sarah Seif El Nasr) York (Hasan Malik, Scott Menary) Montreal (J.P. Martin) ALPHA-Canada responsible for Basic design, Readout (30k ch), DAQ, Monte Carlo, Reconstruction, Analysis and Operation of the Detector

10. Antihydrogen Detection and Diagnosis • Trapped Hbar detection: • Create Hbars in a neutral trap • Clear all the charged particles • Release the trap in ~20 msec • Look for annihilations on the walls • First measurements will be statistics limited • Need best event characterizations, background rejections  Position sensitive detection of antihydrogen annihilations • 3D annihilation imaging: unique tool to study plasmas Si: 3 layers 30k channel

11. “Ballistic” pbar loss in octupole field due to symmetry breaking Unique annihilation signatures Enhanced at trap edges 4 hot spots at each end Background for Hbar detection Physics with Si tracker 1: Ballistic loss Calculated field lines in neutral trap Axial annihilation distribution Sarah Seif El Nasr, M.Sc. Thesis (UBC) In prep. for Phys. Lett. B (2009) Cross sectional images at trap edges

12. Result2: New plasma transport mechanism • Non-harmonicity of electrostatic potentials • Symmetry breaking multipole magnetic fields  Zero-rotation bounce resonance Si vertex images Simulated particle orbits Submitted to PRL (2009) Data Simulation Gaining quantitative understanding of new plasma processes

13. Result 3: Hbar production in anti-atom trap: Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (2009) • Efficient Hbar production in neutral trap, detected via Si • Important milestone for Hbar trapping • Started search for trapped Hbars Hbar yields vs. trap depths Hbar images via Si tracker

14. Towards Antihydrogen Spectroscopy Walter Hardy (UBC) Mike Hayden, Mohammad Dehghani (SFU) Rob Thompson, Tim Friesen (Calgary) [David Jones, UBC]

15. 1. Positron Spin Resonance Pulsed mW at ~20 GHz trappedun-trapped Look for annihilations Can start with a few atoms a h mWave Spectroscopy: Hardy & Hayden (Anti)hydrogen energy diagram 15 Energy (GHz) trapped states 20 GHz un-trapped states -15 B0 (T)

16. 1. Positron Spin Resonance Pulsesd mW at ~20 GHz trappedun-trapped Look for annihilations Can start with a few atoms 2.NMR (pbar spin flip) 655 MHz at magic 0.65T turning point: insensitive to 1st order B inhomogeneity Double resonance w/ PSR a h mW Spectroscopy: Hardy & Hayden (Anti)hydrogen energy diagram 15 655 MHz Energy (GHz) trapped states 20 GHz un-trapped states ALPHA has accepted mWave for 1st spectroscopy attempt -15 B0 (T)

17. Microwave Tests at CERN & SFU W. Hardy et al, June 2008 at CERN horn focusing reflector Loss > 10 dB Plasma compatible resonator M. Hayden et al. 2008 SFU prototype f0: 600-800 MHz Q: 100-300 4 cm opposed finger- like structures

18. ALPHA Review & Collaboration Meeting April 4-8, 2008, TRIUMF ~30 participants (9 institutes, incl. 4 Canadian) Reviewers : G. Gwinner (Manitoba), M. Lefebvre (UVic), M. Romalis (Princeton) “It is fair to say that without Alpha Canada’s contribution, the experiment would not be operating today.” “ Continued support of TRIUMF in the near future is crucial to reap the rewards of previous investment.” “[In the spectroscopy phase] It will still be advantageous to focus the university efforts through TRIUMF leadership.”

19. Extra Slides

20. 2009 Run: June 8 to Nov 23 (longer due to LHC?) • Detector/Software • Full Si detector commissioning • Improved Data Acquisition • Improvements in tracking and analysis codes • Better understand detector backgrounds • Trapping • Hbar trapping attempts with established schemes • Colder plasmas with new cooling schemes • Spectroscopy • Development of efficient injection of 30 GHz mW

21. Project ALPHA Collaboration University of Aarhus: G. Andersen, P.D. Bowe, J.S. Hangst RIKEN: D. Miranda, Y. Yamazaki Federal University of Rio de Janeiro: C.L. Cesar, University of Tokyo: R.S. Hayano University of Wales, Swansea: E. Butler, M. Charlton, A. Humphries, N. Madsen L. V. Jørgensen, M. Jenkins, D.P. van der Werf Auburn University: F. Robicheaux University of California, Berkeley: W. Bertsche, S. Chapman, J. Fajans, A. Povilus, J. Wurtele Nuclear Research Centre, Negev, Israel: E. Sarid University of Liverpool: P. Nolan, P. Pusa University of British Columbia:S. Seif El Nasr, D.J. Jones, W.N. Hardy* University of Calgary:T. Friesen, R. Hydomako,R.I. Thompson* Université de Montréal: J.-P. Martin* Simon Fraser University: M. Dehghani, M. Hayden* TRIUMF: P. Amaudruz*, M. Barnes, M.C. Fujiwara*, D.R. Gill*, L. Kurchaninov*, K. Olchanski*, A. Olin*, J. Storey + Professional Support** York University: H. Malik, S. Menary* * Active faculty/staff in present phase **P. Bennett, D. Bishop, R. Bula, S. Chan, B. Evans, T. Howland, K. Langton, J. Nelson, D. Rowbotham, P. Vincent + Undergrad Students: W. Lai, L. Wasilenko, C. Kolbeck ALPHA-Canada

22. ALPHA Publications • 'A Magnetic Trap for Antihydrogen Confinement' Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. A566, 746 (2006) • 'Antimatter Plasmas in a Multipole Trap for Antihydrogen'Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 023402 (2007) • 'Production of Antihydrogen at Reduced Magnetic Field for Anti-atom Trapping'J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 41, 011001 (2008) • 'A Novel Antiproton Radial Diagnostic Based on Octupole Indused Ballistic Loss'Phys. Plasmas 15, 032107 (2008) • 'Critical Loss Radius in a Penning Trap Subject to Multipole Fields'Phys. Plasmas15, 032108 (2008) • 'Compression of Antiproton Clouds for Antihydrogen Trapping'Phys. Rev. Lett 100, 203401 (2008) • Antihydrogen Formation Dynamics in and Anti-atom trap, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (2009) • Magnetic multipole induced zero-rotation frequency bounce-resonat loss in a Penning-Malmberg trap used for antihydrogen trapping submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (2009) 9. 'Temporally Controlled Modulation of Antihydrogen Production and the Temperature Scaling of Antiproton-Positron Recombination'M. C. Fujiwara et al. (ATHENA data analysis) Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 053401 (2008)

23. Canadian Contributions • Beam monitors • External Scintillator • Internal Scintillator • MIDAS DAQ System • On-line/Off-line Software • Si vertex detector design & simulations • Si readout electronics • Trap control electronics • Building Experiment • Running Experiment • Physics Analysis • Developments towards spectroscopy

24. Building ALPHA at CERN

25. Possible CPTV shift (Pospelov) Small absolute energyDE  probes high energy scale For n=1, m=1 GeV, LCPTV = MPl ~ 1019 GeV DECPT ~ 10-19 GeV (~10 kHz in frequency) ALPHA Potential Sensitivity (model dep’t!) GeV

26. e+ Si tracker Superimpose Penning Trap and Magnetic Trap pbar ALPHA Antihydrogen Apparatus Octupole magnet antiproton trap (3T) Mixing trap (1T) Mixing electrostatic potential

27. Characteristic energy scales: Plasma energy: space charge (∝ener2 ) ≈ 10 eV Neutral trap depth: (mDB) ≈ 0.1 meV Need to bridge 105disparity in energy scales Careful optimization of plasma processes Sensitive detection system Understanding plasma Optimizations in particle moving and shaking: ~40 potentials, time scale, particle numbers etc. Not a fundamental limitation, but takes time! Largely systematic trial and error: much of 5-6 months beam time spent on this Antihydrogen quantum states: Formation process still not completely understood Need ground state for spectroscopy ALPHA Challenges “Pushing new physics boundaries in plasma, atomic and other fields” TRIUMF Review Report

28. Plasma stability Normally axial symmetry assures plasma confinement [O’Neil’s confinement theorem: 1980] Magnetic trap field strongly breaks the symmetry 108 e+ 104 p- ALPHA Challenges Radial B field Octupole vs Quadrupole • Use Octupole instead of Quadrupole • Perturbation near axis much reduced

29. Antiprotons and positrons in 1.2 T octupole field Number of particles measured as a function of storage time Demonstrate compatibility of Charged and neutral trap Plasma confinement in Octupole trap Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 023402 (2007) Radial B field : Octupole vs Quadrupole • Use Octupole instead of Quadrupole • Perturbation near axis much reduced

30. Hbar production in 1T New plasma radial diagnosis Obtained with APD readout Scintillator Arrays operated at 1 to 3T Developed at TRIUMF/UBC due to Si detector delays More ALPHA Physics Results Scot Menary (York) R&D for new beam detector CVD Diamond J. Phys. B 41, 011001 (2008) Fast Track Phys. Plasmas 15, 032107 (2008)

31. Antiproton Plasma Radial Compression Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 203401 (May 2008) • Plasma radial control important • Recall E∝ener2 • External rotating RF field exerts torque on plasma  radial compression • What’s new? • Normally need coolant • Use electrons as a coolant Multi-channel plate imaging

32. Summer 2005 Basic design at TRIUMF Compatible with traps Oct-Nov 2007 6 modules in situ test June-Nov 2008 38 module out of 60 commissioned (only 20,000 channel!) Spring 2009 Full detector (30,000ch) will be installed Si Tracker Construction Si sensors built at Liverpool

33. Read Out System • Custom made modules • TRIUMF-Montreal 48 channel FADCs • Level 1.5 triggering capability with FPGA • Much improvement over ATHENA in performance & cost • Similar to Belle system

34. AD Future at CERN CERN Research Board, December 2008 • Antiproton Decelerator: operational until 2017 • New antimatter gravity experiment AEGIS just have been approved Other high intensity hadron facilities • Proposal for low energy pbars at GSI/FAIR • LOI at J-PARC, Fermilab

35. PSR Lineshapes and spectral resolution no resolution improvement for pulses longer than ~10ms limited by spectral width of RF pulse limited by radial homogeneity of field atoms move significant distances during t RF pulse length t (s)

36. NMR lineshape and spectral resolution coherent atom-field interactions limited by transit time to ~ 100ms fcd at B0=B′ limited by spectral width of RF pulse B0 = 1.01B′ B0 = B′ atoms move significant distances during t RF pulse length t (s)

37. c 20% conversion/pulse d Power Requirement Estimates for power required to induce spin flip; based on K/Ka-band mWave loss measurement and calibration of B1 in UHF resonator assumes B0=B′ b-c transition c-d transition Ejection probabilities of a few percent/pulse Power (W) transit-time limit field homogeneity limit RF pulse length t (s)

38. Combined at B′: gives a/h to 1:106 and gp to 2:105 independent of any other measurement Expectations Initial Experiments: a handful of H; B ~ 1T; measure PSR lines to 1:103 or 30 MHz (difference gives a/h) Later Experiments: plenty of H; measure PSR lines to 1:106 or ~ 30 kHz (limited by static field homogeneity) UHF Resonator: measure fcd to 1:106 or 650 Hz (limited by transit broadening)