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Introduction to Linked Data

Introduction to Linked Data. Linked Data: what cataloguers need to know # cigld CILIP Cataloguing and Indexing Group (CIG) 25 November 2013 Thomas Meehan tom@aurochs.org @ orangeaurochs. Linked Open Data. Data Linked Open. linked open DATA. LINKED open data. …LINKED open data.

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Introduction to Linked Data

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  1. Introduction to Linked Data Linked Data: what cataloguers need to know #cigld CILIP Cataloguing and Indexing Group (CIG) 25 November 2013 Thomas Meehan tom@aurochs.org @orangeaurochs

  2. Linked Open Data • Data • Linked • Open

  3. linked open DATA

  4. LINKED open data..

  5. …LINKED open data <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr id="bib-author-row"> <th>Author:</th> <td id="bib-author-cell"> <a href="/search?q=au%3ABerners-Lee%2C+C.+M.&amp;qt=hot_author" title="Search for more by this author">C M Berners-Lee</a>; <a href="/search?q=au%3ABritish+Computer+Society.&amp;qt=hot_author" title="Search for more by this author">British Computer Society.</a>; <a href="/search?q=au%3AInstitution+of+Electrical+Engineers.&amp;qt=hot_author" title="Search for more by this author">Institution of Electrical Engineers.</a>; <a href="/search?q=au%3AOperational+Research+Society.&amp;qt=hot_author" title="Search for more by this author">Operational Research Society.</a? </td> </tr> <tr id="bib-publisher-row"> <th>Publisher:</th> <td id="bib-publisher-cell">London : English Universities Press, [1965]</td> </tr> … </table>

  6. linked OPEN data

  7. The Web of Data • Use URIs as names for things • Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names. • When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF, SPARQL) • Include links to other URIs so that they can discover more things. Tim Berners-Lee (2006)

  8. English sentence Brideshead Revisited was written by Evelyn Waugh.

  9. Entities and Relationship Brideshead revisited created by Evelyn Waugh

  10. Adding URIs: Brideshead revisited http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no97080492 created by Evelyn Waugh

  11. Adding URIs: Waugh http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no97080492 created by http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79049248

  12. Adding URIs: creator http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no97080492 http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79049248

  13. RDF Statement <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no97080492> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator> <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79049248> .

  14. RDF (Turtle) @prefix lc_names: <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/> . @prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . lc_names:no97080492 dc:creator lc_names:n79049248 .

  15. Brideshead Revisited @prefix lc_names: <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/> . @prefix lc_languages: <http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/languages> . @prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . lc_names:no97080492 dc:creator lc_names:n79049248 ; dc:created "1945" ; dc:extent "1 volume" ; dc:language lc_languages:eng ; dc:title "Brideshead revisited" ; dc:type <http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text> .

  16. Brideshead Revisited @prefix lc_names: <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/> . @prefix lc_languages: <http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/languages/> . @prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . lc_names:no97080492 dc:creator lc_names:n79049248 ; dc:created "1945" ; dc:extent "1 volume" ; dc:language lc_languages:eng ; dc:title "Brideshead revisited" ; dc:type <http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text> .

  17. LC Name Authority for Waugh (excerpt) @prefix lc_names: <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/> . @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> . @prefix mads: <http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#> . @prefix viaf: <http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/> . lc_names:n79049248 rdf:type mads:PersonalName ; rdf:type mads:Authority ; mads:authoritativeLabel "Waugh, Evelyn, 1903-1966"@en ; mads:hasExactExternalAuthority viaf:68937142 .

  18. RDF SerialisationsN Triples <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79049248> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#PersonalName>. <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79049248> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#Authority>. <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79049248> <http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#authoritativeLabel> "Waugh, Evelyn, 1903-1966"@en. <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79049248> <http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#hasExactExternalAuthority> <http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/68937142>.

  19. RDF SerializationsTurtle and N3 @prefix lc_names: <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/> . @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> . @prefix mads: <http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#> . @prefix viaf: <http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/> . lc_names:n79049248 rdf:type mads:PersonalName ; rdf:type mads:Authority ; mads:authoritativeLabel "Waugh, Evelyn, 1903-1966"@en ; mads:hasExactExternalAuthority viaf:68937142 .

  20. RDF SerialisationRDF/XML <?xml version="1.0"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:lc_names="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/" xmlns:mads="http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:viaf="http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/"> <mads:PersonalName rdf:about="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79049248"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#Authority" /> <mads:authoritativeLabel xml:lang="en">Waugh, Evelyn, 1903-1966</mads:authoritativeLabel> <mads:hasExactExternalAuthority rdf:resource="http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/68937142" /> </mads:PersonalName> </rdf:RDF>

  21. RDF SerialisationJSON-LD { "http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79049248": { "http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#hasExactExternalAuthority": [ { "type": "uri", "value": "http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/68937142" } ], "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": [ { "type": "uri", "value": "http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#PersonalName" }, { "type": "uri", "value": "http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#Authority" } ], "http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#authoritativeLabel": [ { "lang": "en", "type": "literal", "value": "Waugh, Evelyn, 1903-1966" } ] } }

  22. RDF SerialisationRDFa <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" prefix=" rdf: http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# mads: http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" > <div typeof="mads:PersonalName" about="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79049248"> <div rel="rdf:type" resource="http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#Authority"></div> <div property="mads:authoritativeLabel" xml:lang="en" content="Waugh, Evelyn, 1903-1966"></div> <div rel="mads:hasExactExternalAuthority" resource="http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/68937142"></div> </div> </div>

  23. Microdata, RDFa, Schema.org OCLC Worldcat uses embedded Schema.org: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221944758

  24. Schema.org RDFa on Worldcat

  25. Schema.org RDFa on Worldcat

  26. Schema.org RDFa on Worldcat <div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="microdata" prefix="xml: http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# library: http://purl.org/library/ gen-ont: http://www.w3.org/2006/gen/ont# pto: http://www.productontology.org/id/ madsrdf: http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1# void: http://rdfs.org/ns/void# schema: http://schema.org/ oclc: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/ rdf: http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# umbel: http://umbel.org/umbel# bibo: http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ cc: http://creativecommons.org/ns# awol: http://bblfish.net/work/atom-owl/2006-06-06/# owl: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl# dct: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ blterms: http://www.bl.uk/schemas/bibliographic/blterms# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"><div resource="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221944758" typeof="http://schema.org/Book"><<a href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221944758">http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221944758</a>><table border="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><a href="http://purl.org/library/oclcnum">library:oclcnum</a></td><td>"<span property="library:oclcnum">221944758</span>"</td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://purl.org/library/placeOfPublication">library:placeOfPublication</a></td><td><div property="library:placeOfPublication" typeof="http://schema.org/Place"><table border="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type">rdf:type</a></td><td><a href="http://schema.org/Place" property="rdf:type" resource="http://schema.org/Place">schema:Place</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Place">schema:name</a></td><td>"<span property="schema:name">London</span>"</td></tr></table></div></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://purl.org/library/placeOfPublication">library:placeOfPublication</a></td><td><div property="library:placeOfPublication" resource="http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/countries/enk" typeof="http://schema.org/Country"><<a href="http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/countries/enk">http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/countries/enk</a>><table border="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type">rdf:type</a></td><td><a href="http://schema.org/Country" property="rdf:type" resource="http://schema.org/Country">schema:Country</a></td></tr></table></div></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs">owl:sameAs</a></td><td><<a href="info:oclcnum/221944758" property="owl:sameAs" resource="info:oclcnum/221944758">info:oclcnum/221944758</a>></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type">rdf:type</a></td><td><a href="http://schema.org/Book" property="rdf:type" resource="http://schema.org/Book">schema:Book</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Book">schema:about</a></td><td><div property="schema:about" typeof="http://schema.org/Intangible"><table border="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><a href="http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#isIdentifiedByAuthority">madsrdf:isIdentifiedByAuthority</a></td><td><<a href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85042288" property="madsrdf:isIdentifiedByAuthority" resource="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85042288">http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85042288</a>></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type">rdf:type</a></td><td><a href="http://schema.org/Intangible" property="rdf:type" resource="http://schema.org/Intangible">schema:Intangible</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Intangible">schema:name</a></td><td>"<span property="schema:name">Electronic data processing.</span>"</td></tr></table></div></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Book">schema:about</a></td><td><div property="schema:about" resource="http://dewey.info/class/658.4033/" typeof="http://schema.org/Intangible"><<a href="http://dewey.info/class/658.4033/">http://dewey.info/class/658.4033/</a>><table border="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type">rdf:type</a></td><td><a href="http://schema.org/Intangible" property="rdf:type" resource="http://schema.org/Intangible">schema:Intangible</a></td></tr></table></div></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Book">schema:about</a></td><td><div property="schema:about" resource="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1081992" typeof="http://schema.org/Intangible"><<a href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1081992">http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1081992</a>><table border="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type">rdf:type</a></td><td><a href="http://schema.org/Intangible" property="rdf:type" resource="http://schema.org/Intangible">schema:Intangible</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Intangible">schema:name</a></td><td>"<span property="schema:name">Public administration--Data processing</span>"</td></tr></table></div></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Book">schema:about</a></td><td><div property="schema:about" resource="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/906956" typeof="http://schema.org/Intangible"><<a href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/906956">http://id.worldcat.org/fast/906956</a>><table border="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type">rdf:type</a></td><td><a href="http://schema.org/Intangible" property="rdf:type" resource="http://schema.org/Intangible">schema:Intangible</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Intangible">schema:name</a></td><td>"<span property="schema:name">Electronic data processing</span>"</td></tr></table></div></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Book">schema:about</a></td><td><div property="schema:about" typeof="http://schema.org/Intangible"><table border="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><a href="http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#isIdentifiedByAuthority">madsrdf:isIdentifiedByAuthority</a></td><td><<a href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008110032" property="madsrdf:isIdentifiedByAuthority" resource="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008110032">http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008110032</a>></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type">rdf:type</a></td><td><a href="http://schema.org/Intangible" property="rdf:type" resource="http://schema.org/Intangible">schema:Intangible</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Intangible">schema:name</a></td><td>"<span property="schema:name">Public administration--Data processing.</span>"</td></tr></table></div></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Book">schema:contributor</a></td><td><div property="schema:contributor" resource="http://viaf.org/viaf/149407214" typeof="http://schema.org/Organization"><<a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/149407214">http://viaf.org/viaf/149407214</a>><table border="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><a href="http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#isIdentifiedByAuthority">madsrdf:isIdentifiedByAuthority</a></td><td><<a href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79056431" property="madsrdf:isIdentifiedByAuthority" resource="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79056431">http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79056431</a>></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type">rdf:type</a></td><td><a href="http://schema.org/Organization" property="rdf:type" resource="http://schema.org/Organization">schema:Organization</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Organization">schema:name</a></td><td>"<span property="schema:name">British Computer Society.</span>"</td></tr></table></div></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Book">schema:contributor</a></td><td><div property="schema:contributor" resource="http://viaf.org/viaf/130073090" typeof="http://schema.org/Organization"><<a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/130073090">http://viaf.org/viaf/130073090</a>><table border="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><a href="http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#isIdentifiedByAuthority">madsrdf:isIdentifiedByAuthority</a></td><td><<a href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n85076053" property="madsrdf:isIdentifiedByAuthority" resource="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n85076053">http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n85076053</a>></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type">rdf:type</a></td><td><a href="http://schema.org/Organization" property="rdf:type" resource="http://schema.org/Organization">schema:Organization</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Organization">schema:name</a></td><td>"<span property="schema:name">Operational Research Society.</span>"</td></tr></table></div></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Book">schema:contributor</a></td><td><div property="schema:contributor" resource="http://viaf.org/viaf/137135158" typeof="http://schema.org/Organization"><<a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/137135158">http://viaf.org/viaf/137135158</a>><table border="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><a href="http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#isIdentifiedByAuthority">madsrdf:isIdentifiedByAuthority</a></td><td><<a href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79063901" property="madsrdf:isIdentifiedByAuthority" resource="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79063901">http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79063901</a>></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type">rdf:type</a></td><td><a href="http://schema.org/Organization" property="rdf:type" resource="http://schema.org/Organization">schema:Organization</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Organization">schema:name</a></td><td>"<span property="schema:name">Institution of Electrical Engineers.</span>"</td></tr></table></div></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Book">schema:contributor</a></td><td><div property="schema:contributor" resource="http://viaf.org/viaf/36887201" typeof="http://schema.org/Person"><<a href="http://viaf.org/viaf/36887201">http://viaf.org/viaf/36887201</a>><table border="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type">rdf:type</a></td><td><a href="http://schema.org/Person" property="rdf:type" resource="http://schema.org/Person">schema:Person</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label">rdfs:label</a></td><td>"<span property="rdfs:label">Berners-Lee, C. M.</span>"</td></tr></table></div></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Book">schema:datePublished</a></td><td>"<span property="schema:datePublished">1965</span>"</td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Book">schema:inLanguage</a></td><td>"<span property="schema:inLanguage">en</span>"</td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Book">schema:name</a></td><td>"<span property="schema:name">Models for decision : a conference under the auspices of the United Kingdom Automation Council organised by the British Computer Society and the Operational Research Society</span>"</td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Book">schema:numberOfPages</a></td><td>"<span property="schema:numberOfPages">149</span>"</td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Book">schema:publisher</a></td><td><div property="schema:publisher" typeof="http://schema.org/Organization"><table border="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type">rdf:type</a></td><td><a href="http://schema.org/Organization" property="rdf:type" resource="http://schema.org/Organization">schema:Organization</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://schema.org/Organization">schema:name</a></td><td>"<span property="schema:name">English Universities Press</span>"</td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div></div>

  27. Worldcat Schema.org data for a book @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> . @prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> . @prefix worldcat: <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/> . @prefix library: <http://purl.org/library/> . @prefix viaf: <http://viaf.org/viaf/> . @prefix lc_authorities: <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/> . @prefix mads: <http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#> . worldcat:221944758 rdf:type schema:Book; library:oclcnum "221944758"; schema:name "Models for decision : a conference under the auspices of the United Kingdom Automation Council organised by the British Computer Society and the Operational Research Society"; library:placeOfPublication _:1; schema:publisher _:4 . schema:datePublished "[1965]"; schema:numberOfPages "149"; schema:contributor viaf:149407214; schema:contributor viaf:130073090; schema:contributor viaf:137135158; schema:contributor viaf:36887201; _:1 rdf:typeschema:Place; schema:name "London :" . _:4 rdf:typeschema:Organization; schema:name "English Universities Press" . viaf:149407214 rdf:typeschema:Organization; madsrdf:isIdentifiedByAuthority lc_authorities:n79056431; schema:name "British Computer Society." . viaf:130073090 rdf:typeschema:Organization; madsrdf:isIdentifiedByAuthority lc_authorities:n85076053; schema:name "Operational Research Society." . viaf:137135158 rdf:typeschema:Organization; madsrdf:isIdentifiedByAuthority lc_authorities:n79063901; schema:name "Institution of Electrical Engineers." . viaf:36887201 rdf:typeschema:Person; schema:name "Berners-Lee, C. M." . (http://www.aurochs.org/rdfv/rdfv.html : click Get Sample Data (OCLC))

  28. Lots of Ways To Do It @prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> . @prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . @prefix viaf: <http://viaf.org/viaf/> . @prefix rda_roles: <http://rdvocab.info/roles/> . @prefix cam: <http://data.lib.cam.ac.uk/id/entity/> . @prefix bnb_person: <http://bnb.data.bl.uk/id/person/> . @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/#> . example:book0001 dc:creatorcam:cambrdgedb_eeacef63d900c2acffc3daa400f3d4e4 . example:book0001 dc:creator bnb_person:WaughEvelyn1903-1966 . example:book0001 schema:creator viaf:68937142 . example:book0001 rda_roles:creator viaf:68937142 . example:book0001 dc:creator lc_names:n79049248 . example:book0001 dc:creator _:bnode001 . _:bnode001 foaf:name"Waugh, Evelyn, 1903-1966" . example:book0001 example:author example:author0001

  29. Blank Nodes @prefix lc_names: <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/> . @prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/#> . lc_names:no97080492 dc:creator _:bnode01 . _:bnode01 a foaf:Person . _:bnode01 foaf:name "Evelyn Waugh" . lc_names:no97080492 dc:creator [ a foaf:Person ; foaf:name "Evelyn Waugh" ] .

  30. Introduction to Linked Data @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> . @prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . @prefix bibo: <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/> . cigld_introdc:creator_:bnode001 ; dc:created "2013" ; dc:title "Introduction to Linked Data" ; bibo:Series "Linked data: what cataloguers need to know" . _:bnode001 a foaf:person ; foaf:name "Thomas Meehan" ; foaf:mbox <tom@aurochs.org> ; foaf:account _:bnode002 . _:bnode002 a foaf:OnlineAccount ; foaf:accountServiceHomepage "https://twitter.com/" ; foaf:accountName "@orangeaurochs" .

  31. References • Worldcat record for Models for decision / C. Berners-Lee. http://www.worldcat.org/title/models-for-decision-a-conference-under-the-auspices-of-the-united-kingdom-automation-council-organised-by-the-british-computer-society-and-the-operational-research-society/oclc/221944758 • What is open data? / The Open Data Institute. http://theodi.org/guides/what-open-data • Linked Data : design issues / Tim Berners-Lee. http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData

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