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RESPIRATORY SYTEM

RESPIRATORY SYTEM. Anatomy & Physiology. BACKGROUND-Cellular Respiration. Oxygen is used by cells Oxygen is needed to convert glucose to ATP Carbon dioxide is a waste product Body cells die if respiration fails. FUNCTIONS. Supplies body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

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RESPIRATORY SYTEM

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  1. RESPIRATORY SYTEM Anatomy & Physiology

  2. BACKGROUND-Cellular Respiration • Oxygen is used by cells • Oxygen is needed to convert glucose to ATP • Carbon dioxide is a waste product • Body cells die if respiration fails

  3. FUNCTIONS • Supplies body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide • Filters, warms, and humidifies air • Helps with producing sound • Regulates blood pH

  4. DIVISIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Upper respiratory tract • Nose/nasal Cavity • sinuses/pharynx/larynx • Lower respiratory tract • Trachea/bronchial tree/lungs

  5. STRUCTURES/ORGANS • Conducting Zone- passages that let air in • Respiratory Zone- gas exchange • Larynx- voice box; made of cartilage • false and true vocal cords • attached to hyoid bone • Speech • Breathing airway • Switching mechanism for food and air→ epiglottis

  6. Structures/organs • Trachea- windpipe; smooth cartilage with C shaped rings that divides into 2 bronchi; flexible but does not collapse despite pressure changes • Bronchi- tubes enter lungs; branch into microscopic alveolar ducts that end in sacs • Lungs- extend from diaphragm to clavicle; lobes (2 left lobs and 3 right lobes) • Alveoli- site of gas exchange

  7. STRUCTURES/ORGANS • Nose- airway; moisten and warms air; filters; resonating chamber for speech; olfactory receptors; nasal cavity=floor=palate (anterior is hard and posterior is soft) • Paranasal sinus- open into nasal; lighten the skull • infection=sinusitis • Pharynx- throat; houses tonsils • 3 parts (naso,oro,laryngo) • uvula closes nasopharynx (no food in the nose)

  8. RESPIRATORY MUCOSA • Goblet cells • Secrete mucus • watery fluid with lysozymeS • Produce about a quart a day of liquid with Cell debris

  9. GAS EXCHANGE • Air fills alveoli and accounts for most of the lung volume (1500 sq feet) • Wall of alveoli→ 2 cellSthick (thinner than tissue paper); external wall is covered with cobweb of capillaries

  10. GAS EXCHANGE pt. 2 • air/blood barrier- gas exchange; oxygen diffuses from air in alveoli to blood in capillaries; carbon dioxide diffuses from blood (capillaries) into alveoli • Moves from a high to low concentration through diffusion

  11. RESPIRATION INCLUDES: • Pulmonary ventilation- replaces gases • External respiration- gas exchange in the lungs • Transport- gases by the blood and heart • Internal respiration- gas exchange into the tissues

  12. VENTILATION • Breathing is pulmonary ventilation 2 phases • Inspiration- inhalation of air/air goes in • Diaphragm flattens when contracted (high height of thoracic cavity) • Intercostal muscles contract to raise the ribs (increases circumference of the thoracic cavity, keeps thorax stiff so sides don’t collapse)

  13. VENTILATION pt. 2 • Expiration- exhalation of air/air goes out • Rib cage drops under the force of gravity • Relaxed diaphragm → moves up (curved shape) • Volume decreases which increases the pressure  

  14. Ventilation pt. 3 • Mechanical forces causes movement of air • Gases flow from high to low pressure • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles accomplish this • Pressure is established by changes in the thoracic cavity • High (size) thorax → low pressure = air moves in • Low (size) thorax → high pressure = air moves out

  15. VOLUMES OF AIR EXCHANGE • Vital capacity: largest volume of air a person can move in and out • Depends on the size of the cavity, posture, diseases/condition

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