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Understanding the Respiratory System: Anatomy, Functions, and Gas Exchange

Discover the intricate system of the respiratory system, from cellular respiration to gas exchange in the alveoli. Learn about vital organs, functions, and the process of ventilation. Explore how oxygen and carbon dioxide play vital roles in sustaining life.

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Understanding the Respiratory System: Anatomy, Functions, and Gas Exchange

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  1. RESPIRATORY SYTEM Anatomy & Physiology

  2. BACKGROUND-Cellular Respiration • Oxygen is used by cells • Oxygen is needed to convert glucose to ATP • Carbon dioxide is a waste product • Body cells die if respiration fails

  3. FUNCTIONS • Supplies body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide • Filters, warms, and humidifies air • Helps with producing sound • Regulates blood pH

  4. DIVISIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Upper respiratory tract • Nose/nasal Cavity • sinuses/pharynx/larynx • Lower respiratory tract • Trachea/bronchial tree/lungs

  5. STRUCTURES/ORGANS • Conducting Zone- passages that let air in • Respiratory Zone- gas exchange • Larynx- voice box; made of cartilage • false and true vocal cords • attached to hyoid bone • Speech • Breathing airway • Switching mechanism for food and air→ epiglottis

  6. Structures/organs • Trachea- windpipe; smooth cartilage with C shaped rings that divides into 2 bronchi; flexible but does not collapse despite pressure changes • Bronchi- tubes enter lungs; branch into microscopic alveolar ducts that end in sacs • Lungs- extend from diaphragm to clavicle; lobes (2 left lobs and 3 right lobes) • Alveoli- site of gas exchange

  7. STRUCTURES/ORGANS • Nose- airway; moisten and warms air; filters; resonating chamber for speech; olfactory receptors; nasal cavity=floor=palate (anterior is hard and posterior is soft) • Paranasal sinus- open into nasal; lighten the skull • infection=sinusitis • Pharynx- throat; houses tonsils • 3 parts (naso,oro,laryngo) • uvula closes nasopharynx (no food in the nose)

  8. RESPIRATORY MUCOSA • Goblet cells • Secrete mucus • watery fluid with lysozymeS • Produce about a quart a day of liquid with Cell debris

  9. GAS EXCHANGE • Air fills alveoli and accounts for most of the lung volume (1500 sq feet) • Wall of alveoli→ 2 cellSthick (thinner than tissue paper); external wall is covered with cobweb of capillaries

  10. GAS EXCHANGE pt. 2 • air/blood barrier- gas exchange; oxygen diffuses from air in alveoli to blood in capillaries; carbon dioxide diffuses from blood (capillaries) into alveoli • Moves from a high to low concentration through diffusion

  11. RESPIRATION INCLUDES: • Pulmonary ventilation- replaces gases • External respiration- gas exchange in the lungs • Transport- gases by the blood and heart • Internal respiration- gas exchange into the tissues

  12. VENTILATION • Breathing is pulmonary ventilation 2 phases • Inspiration- inhalation of air/air goes in • Diaphragm flattens when contracted (high height of thoracic cavity) • Intercostal muscles contract to raise the ribs (increases circumference of the thoracic cavity, keeps thorax stiff so sides don’t collapse)

  13. VENTILATION pt. 2 • Expiration- exhalation of air/air goes out • Rib cage drops under the force of gravity • Relaxed diaphragm → moves up (curved shape) • Volume decreases which increases the pressure  

  14. Ventilation pt. 3 • Mechanical forces causes movement of air • Gases flow from high to low pressure • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles accomplish this • Pressure is established by changes in the thoracic cavity • High (size) thorax → low pressure = air moves in • Low (size) thorax → high pressure = air moves out

  15. VOLUMES OF AIR EXCHANGE • Vital capacity: largest volume of air a person can move in and out • Depends on the size of the cavity, posture, diseases/condition

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