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All About Motherboards: Types, Configurations, and Troubleshooting

This guide provides an in-depth look at different types of motherboards, how to select one, support and configure it, install or replace it, and troubleshoot any issues. Includes detailed explanations and visuals.

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All About Motherboards: Types, Configurations, and Troubleshooting

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  1. A+ Guide to Hardware: Managing, Maintaining, and Troubleshooting, Sixth Edition Week 5 All About Motherboards

  2. Objectives • Learn about the different types of motherboards and how to select one • Learn how to support and configure a motherboard • Learn how to install or replace a motherboard • Learn how to troubleshoot a motherboard and processor

  3. Motherboard Types and Features • Motherboard • Most complicated computer component • One of the first items to consider when building a computer • Consider the following when purchasing a motherboard: • Form factor • Processor socket and chipset • Buses and number of bus slots • Other connectors, slots, and ports A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  4. Motherboard Form Factors • Determines motherboard size, features • Compatible with power supplies, cases, processors, expansion cards • Most popular • ATX, MicroATX, and Mini-ITX • Mini-ITX is smaller than MicroATX and is also known as ITX • The following slides show examples of form factors and comparisons of sizes and hold positions of several form factors A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  5. A Mini-ITX motherboard Figure 3-3 A Mini-ITX motherboard A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  6. Table 3-1 Sockets for Intel processors used for desktop computers A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  7. Processor Sockets • Processor socket – determines which processors a board can support • Socket holds Intel or AMD processor • Sockets for Intel processors • Intel makes several Itanium and Xeon processors designed for servers A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  8. Processor Sockets • Sockets and processor use different methods to make contacts between them: • Pin grid array (PGA) socket • Holes aligned in uniform rows around socket. Pins on the processor fit into these holes. • Land grid array (LGA) • Uses lands (pads) on the CPU rather than pins • Examples of LGA sockets: LGA775 and LGA1366 • Flip-chip land grid array (FCLGA) socket • Chip is flipped over so that the top of the chip is on the bottom and makes contact with the socket A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  9. Processor Sockets • Sockets and processor use different methods to make contacts between them (cont’d): • Staggered pin grid array (SPGA) • Pins staggered over socket • Squeezes more pins into a small space • Easily bent • Ball grid array (BGA) • Not really a socket • Processor is soldered to the motherboard A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  10. Figure 3-6 Socket LGA775 is the first Intel socket to use lands rather than pins Socket LGA775 (used on the lab computers) A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  11. Processor Sockets • Zero insertion force (ZIF) sockets • All current processor sockets • Side lever lifts processor up and out of the socket • Sockets for AMD Processors • AMD uses the PGA socket architecture (desktops) A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  12. Table 3-3 Sockets for AMD processors used for desktop computers A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  13. Processor Sockets • Match a processor to the socket and motherboard • Refer to motherboard, processor compatibility documentation Figure 3-9 AMD Athlon 64 processor to be inserted into an AM2+ socket A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  14. Buses and Expansion Slots • Buses are like highway transportation systems • Four types of cargo carried by a bus: • Power, control signals, memory addresses, data • Bus evolution • Buses have evolved around data path and speed • Synchronous components work with clock cycle • Asynchronous components are out of step with CPU • Wait state: command to CPU to wait for slower device • Bus types: expansion, local, local I/O, local video • Expansion buses are asynchronous components A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  15. Table 6-3 Buses listed by throughput A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  16. Figure 6-6 Four outdated bus connections on expansion cards A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  17. Micro Cannel A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  18. Later PC buses • PS/2 series - Microchannel bus totally redefined and patented • IBM’s attempt to discourage clones; but PS/2 not too successful • EISA - Extended ISA • industry (non-IBM) extension of ISA to 32-bit data transfer • still back-compatible A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  19. VESA Board A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  20. Buses and Expansion Slots (continued) • The PCI buses • Intended to replace the 16-bit ISA bus • Types: Conventional PCI, PCI-X, PCI Express • On-board ports (integrated components) • Examples: keyboard, mouse port, parallel printer, USB • Internal connectors • EIDE, floppy drive connector, serial ATA, SCSI, 1394 • Riser slots • Audio/modem riser (AMR) • Communication and networking riser (CNR) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  21. PCI A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  22. PCI-Express Ignore the data rates. Useful picture of what the different PCIe connectors look like. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  23. Figure 6-10 How PCI Express connects to the chipset and processor A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  24. Figure 6-12 An audio/modem riser slot can accommodate an inexpensive modem riser card A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  25. Hardware Configuration • Three ways to configure the motherboard: • DIP switches, jumpers, CMOS RAM • Dual inline package (DIP) switch • Has ON (binary 1) and OFF (binary 0) positions • Reset DIP switch when adding or removing device • Use pointed instrument other than graphite pencil • Jumpers • Retain setup or installation information • Are opened and closed using jumper covers • Typical setting: enabling/disabling keyboard power-up A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  26. Figure 6-14 DIP switches are sometimes used to store setup data on motherboards A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  27. Figure 3-35 This group of three jumpers controls the BIOS configuration Figure 3-36 BIOS configuration jumper settings A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  28. Hardware Configuration (continued) • CMOS RAM • Also called clock/nonvolatile RAM (RTC/NVRAM) • Stores most configuration for the motherboard • Can be accessed without opening the case • CMOS setup program • Stored on a floppy disk or ROM BIOS chip • Access built-in program by pressing key during POST • Menus: Main, Advanced, Power, Boot, and Exit • Brand name PCs, such as IBM, have custom screens A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  29. CMOS http://bochs.sourceforge.net/techspec/CMOS-reference.txt ----------R37-------------------------------- CMOS 37h - AMI WinBIOS - SETUP COLORS, PASSWORD SEED Bitfields for AMI WinBIOS setup colors and password seed: Bit(s) Description (Table C044) 7-4 password seed 3-0 WinBIOS/AMIBIOS setup color options ----------R37-------------------------------- CMOS 37h - Quadtel HT12 BIOS 03.05.03 - EXTENDED MEMORY (high byte) ----------R373A------------------------------ CMOS 37h-3Ah - AMI 1990 Hyundai super-NB368S notebook - PASSWORD Desc: encoded password, max 4 bytes. ----------R38-------------------------------- CMOS 38h - PHOENIX - Second user defined hard disk (type 48) Write Precomp. LSB Note: used only when PS/2 style password is NOT in effect. ----------R383D------------------------------ CMOS 38h-3Dh - AMI - Encrypted Password ----------R383F------------------------------ CMOS 38h-3Fh - ??? IBM PS/2 - Encrypted Password Note: Initialized to 00h in all bytes. Will accept from 1-7 scan codes. ----------R39-------------------------------- CMOS 39h - PHOENIX - Second user defined hard disk (type 48) Write Precomp. MSB Note: used only when PS/2 style password is NOT in effect. ----------R3A-------------------------------- CMOS 3Ah - PHOENIX - Second user defined hard disk (type 48) Parking Zone LSB Note: used only when PS/2 style password is NOT in effect. ----------R3B-------------------------------- CMOS 3Bh - PHOENIX - Second user defined hard disk (type 48) Parking Zone MSB Note: used only when PS/2 style password is NOT in effect. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  30. BIOS Manufactures • About 100 different manufactures http://support.microsoft.com/kb/243909 • Common PC BIOS’s • AMD • AMI – American Megatrends • ASUS • AWARD • Dell • GateWay • Intel • Phoenix A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  31. Table 6-4 How to access CMOS setup A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  32. Figure 6-18 CMOS Setup Main menu A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  33. Using Setup BIOS To Configure a Motherboard • Change the boot sequence • Might need to change boot sequence from hard drive to DVD • Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) – new standard slowly replacing BIOS • Ability to boot from large disks (over 2 TiB) with a GUID Partition Table, GPT.[12][13] • CPU-independent architecture[12] • CPU-independent drivers[12] • Flexible pre-OS environment, including network capability • Modular design A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  34. Using Setup BIOS To Configure a Motherboard • Configure onboard devices • Enable/disable a port or group of ports • View hard drive and optical drive information • Processor and clock speeds • Some motherboards allow changing the processor speed and/or the memory multiplier • Monitor temperatures, fan speeds, and voltages • Intrusion detection • Can enable event logging (logs when case is opened) A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  35. Using Setup BIOS To Configure a Motherboard • Power-on passwords • Assigned in BIOS setup to prevent unauthorized access to the computer and/or BIOS setup utility • May be possible to set a supervisor and user password • If both passwords are set, must enter a valid password to boot the system • How to set passwords varies depending on motherboard and BIOS • Some allow a System power-on password, which will require a password be entered every boot • A Setup power-on password only requires a password be entered in order to access BIOS setup A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  36. Using Setup BIOS To Configure a Motherboard • LoJack • Technology embedded in the BIOS of many laptops to protect a system against theft • Must subscribe to service • Software and BIOS work together to locate a laptop whenever it connects to the Internet • Drive Encryption and Drive Password Protection • Some motherboards allow you to set a password in order to access the hard drive • Password kept on drive so that it still works even if drive is moved to another computer A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  37. Using Setup BIOS To Configure a Motherboard • TPM chip – Trusted Platform Module chip • BitLocker Encryption in Windows 7/Vista works with this chip • Encryption key is kept on chip • Assures that a drive cannot be used in another computer • Ensure that installed s/w can not be copies. • Virtualization – implementation of s/w or h/w through s/w, implementation is independent of host. • Virtualization must be enabled in BIOS setup for VM software to work A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  38. UEFI vs BIOS • Essentially version 2.0 of the EFI standard. • Unified Extensible Firmware Interface • Initial BIOS requires 16 bit processor mode (Intel CPUs running in 8088 mode, think 1980’s) • Can only access 1M of memory • When Windows takes over, drivers override this limitation. • Support for MBR can access boot disks only up to 1TB. • Requires several boot loader stages, since loader is tied to specific locations on the disk. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  39. UEFI Advantages • Boot from large disk +2 TB • Does not rely on boot sector, but able to detect the boot file on the system partition. • Independent of: • CPU (ARM, Intel x86, Itanium others) • CPU independent Drivers, OS does not need to know what CPU is running. • Network capability • Support for GPT (GUID partition table) • Supports any number of bootable partitions • Disks sizes up to 2 Zb (8x270) • Support for most graphic standards • Fully backward compatible with BIOS A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  40. Using Setup BIOS To Configure a Motherboard • Exiting the BIOS setup menus • Most exit screens give several options Figure 3-50 BIOS setup Exit menu A+ Guide to Hardware, Sixth Edition

  41. Hardware Configuration (continued) • Battery power to CMOS RAM • Enables CMOS to hold data after the PC is turned off • Setup information is lost if battery fails or disconnects • Startup passwords in CMOS • Stored in CMOS RAM and changed in setup screen • Should be distinguished from OS passwords • CMOS settings are specified in motherboard manuals • Documentation of configuration settings • Enables you to recapture lost or altered settings • Should be labeled and stored in a safe place A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  42. Figure 6-24 The coin cell is the most common type of CMOS battery A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  43. Flashing ROM BIOS • Programs stored in the ROM BIOS chip: • CMOS setup program • Startup BIOS that manages the startup process • System BIOS that manages basic I/O functions • Programs on ROM BIOS may need upgrades • Flashing: upgrading or refreshing ROM BIOS chip • Sources for ROM BIOS upgrades • Manufacturer’s Web site • http://www.esupport.com A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  44. Figure 6-26 Intel displays a list of motherboard model numbers that have a Flash BIOS upgrade available A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  45. Motherboard Drivers • Located on CD bundled with motherboard • Motherboard CD may also contain useful utilities • Drivers are periodically updated by manufacturer • Dealing with an unstable motherboard • Check for updated drivers, especially chipset drivers • Install updated drivers for non-functioning devices A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  46. Replacing a Motherboard • Overview of the replacement process • 1. Verify that you have selected the right motherboard • 2. Determine the power configuration settings • 3. Remove components to reach the old motherboard • 4. Set any jumpers or switches on the motherboard • 5. Install the processor and processor cooler • 6. Install RAM into appropriate slots on motherboard • 7. Install the motherboard • 8. Attach cabling (case switches, power supply, drives) • 9. Install the video card on the motherboard A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  47. Replacing a Motherboard (continued) • Overview of the replacement process (continued) • 10. Plug in PC and then attach monitor and keyboard • 11. Boot the system and enter CMOS setup • 12. Make sure the settings are set to default • 13. Observe POST and verify that no error occurs • 14. Check for conflicts with system resources • 15. Install the motherboard drivers • 16. Install any other expansion cards and drivers • 17. Verify the system is up and running A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  48. Preparing the Motherboard to Go Into the Case • Read the manual before preparing the motherboard • Setting the jumpers • First step in preparing the motherboard • The manual explains jumper and DIP switch settings • Information differs from one motherboard to the next • Tasks performed after setting the jumpers • Install the processor and cooler (Chapter 5) • Install the memory modules (Chapter 7) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  49. Figure 6-27 BIOS configuration jumper settings A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  50. Installing the Motherboard in the Case • Overview of the eight general steps: • 1. Install the faceplate (I/O shield) • 2. Install the standoffs (spacers) • 3. Secure the motherboard in the case • 4. Connect the power cord to the PI power connection • 5. Connect 4-pin auxiliary power cord to motherboard • 6. Connect the wire leads from front panel of case • 7. Refer to manual to verify wire to pin connection • 8. Connect USB connection (if present) to USB ports A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

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