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Ecological Restoration

Ecological Restoration. FOR 406 Silviculture. Harvest. Regenerate. Silvicultural System. Tend. Harvest. Regenerate. Ecological Restoration. Tend. What is a “ natural ” ecosystem?. Native (indigenous) species interact in a self-sustaining manner

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Ecological Restoration

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  1. Ecological Restoration FOR 406 Silviculture

  2. Harvest Regenerate Silvicultural System Tend

  3. Harvest Regenerate Ecological Restoration Tend

  4. What is a “natural” ecosystem? • Native (indigenous) species interact in a self-sustaining manner • Species persist through natural recruitment rather than managed reproduction • Population dynamics are regulated internally • Disturbance regimes function within their pre-disruption range of variability • Trophic dynamics are sustainable over time • Usually equated with some pre-existing condition; e.g., “pre-European settlement” Attainable?

  5. Porcupine Mountains State Park

  6. Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore

  7. What is an “unnatural” ecosystem? • High proportion of nonnative (exotic) species • Exhibits wide swings in population dynamics, thereby requiring continual management actions • Dominated by disturbance regimes far different than those present before degradation • Difficult or impossible to restore to natural conditions

  8. What is a “degraded” ecosystem? • Somewhere in between natural and unnatural conditions • Potentially restorable to a more natural condition

  9. Natural ecosystems Degraded ecosystems Restoration Unnatural ecosystems

  10. “Historical ecology”

  11. “Historical ecology” • The desired future condition is a past condition • How far past is past? • The goal should be to achieve a historical range of variability • Therefore, not only species and structures must be restored, but also processes

  12. How can pre-existing conditions be defined? • Extrapolation from “undisturbed” natural ecosystems

  13. Toumey Woods

  14. Newton Woods

  15. Estivant Pines

  16. How can pre-existing conditions be defined? • Extrapolation from “undisturbed” natural ecosystems • Matching species with habitat

  17. Shade tolerance Deep Shade Partial Intermittent Full sun shade shade sun Tolerant Moderately Moderately Intolerant tolerant intolerant

  18. How can pre-existing conditions be defined? • Extrapolation from “undisturbed” natural ecosystems • Matching species with habitat • General Land Office (GLO) survey records

  19. One township 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 One section 18 17 16 15 14 13 15 19 20 21 22 23 24 30 29 28 27 26 25 31 32 33 34 35 36

  20. S 15 S 16 S 21 S 22

  21. Historic forest composition changes at a location in Cheboygan County Michigan (Data from Palik & Pregitzer 1992)

  22. How can pre-existing conditions be defined? • Extrapolation from “undisturbed” natural ecosystems • Matching species with habitat • General Land Office (GLO) survey records • Written descriptions by early settlers & scientists; native oral traditions

  23. J.W. Wing, 1839

  24. How can pre-existing conditions be defined? • Extrapolation from “undisturbed” natural ecosystems • Matching species with habitat • General Land Office (GLO) survey records • Written descriptions by early settlers & scientists; native oral traditions • Old photographs & maps

  25. State Archives of Michigan

  26. MSU Archives & Historical Collections

  27. MSU Archives & Historical Collections

  28. MAC Exp. Sta. Bulletin 162 (1898)

  29. How can pre-existing conditions be defined? Extrapolation from “undisturbed” natural ecosystems Matching species with habitat General Land Office (GLO) survey records Written descriptions by early settlers & scientists; native oral traditions Old photographs & maps Micro-fossil (pollen) record

  30. Pollen diagram from a bog in Lapeer County

  31. How can pre-existing conditions be defined? • Extrapolation from “undisturbed” natural ecosystems • Matching species with habitat • General Land Office (GLO) survey records • Written descriptions by early settlers & scientists; native oral traditions • Old photographs & maps • Micro-fossil (pollen) record • Dendrochronology

  32. 226 years of radial growth in a northern white cedar swamp near Escanaba Ring width (mm) Year

  33. ~1890--tree 120 years old

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