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1989 and Its Aftermath

Explore the evolution of China's democracy movement from the Democracy Wall in 1978 to the events leading up to June 4, 1989, and its aftermath. Learn about key figures Wei Jingsheng, Hu Yaobang, and Fang Lizhi, and delve into the political shifts during this period.

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1989 and Its Aftermath

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  1. 1989 and Its Aftermath HI 168: Lecture 16 Dr. Howard Chiang

  2. OVERVIEW • Democracy Wall: 1978-79 • Democracy Movement: 1985-87 • Third Party Congress • Eastern Europe and the Road to June 4 • Democracy Movement: 1987-89 • June 4 • Years After Deng

  3. Zhao Ziyang and Hu Yaobang

  4. DEMOCRACY WALL: 1978-79 • Wei Jingsheng (魏京生)- 5th modernization – democracy- ‘Does Deng Xiaoping want democracy? No, he does not. He is unwilling to comprehend the misery of the common people. He is unwilling to allow the people to regain those powers usurped by ambitious careerists. He describes the struggle for democratic rights—a movement launched spontaneously by the people—as the actions of troublemakers who must be repressed….If his idea of democracy is one that does not allow others to criticize those in power, then how is such a democracy different from Mao Zedong’s tyranny concealed behind the slogan “The Democracy of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat”? • March 29, 1979: Four Cardinal Principles, shoving out of sight the ‘Four Big Freedoms’

  5. Wei Jingsheng

  6. DEMOCRACY MOVEMENT: 1985-87 • September 1985 – student protests- 54th anniversary of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on September 18, 1931- responding to inflation and the rise of nepotism as jobs were given to sons and daughters of senior officials [gaoganzidi]- astrophysicist Fang Lizhi (方勵之) • Conservative CCP leaders:- launched a mass campaign against ‘bourgeois liberalization’ [zichanjiejiziyouhua]- Hu Yaobang relieved of duties in Jan 1987

  7. THIRTEENTH PARTY CONGRESS • Beijing, Oct 25 to Nov 1, 1987 • Retirement of the older generation of political leaders • ‘speeding up and deepening reform’ • Zhao Ziyang’s report ‘Advance along the Road of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics’- separate the functions of the CCP and the government

  8. DEMOCRACY MOVEMENT: 1987-9 • 1989: 40th anniversary of the founding of PRC; 70th anniversary of May 4th; 200th anniversary of the French Revolution • January 6, 1989 – Fang Lizhi sent an open letter to Deng Xiaoping, asking for amnesty • Hu Yaobang died on April 15, 1989 • Hunger strikes – moral authority • May – movement focused on dismissal of Li Peng (prime minister) and Deng Xiaoping • May 15 – visit of Mikhail Gorbachev, president of the USSR

  9. Mikhail Gorbachev in Beijing May 1989

  10. JUNE 4 • May 20, 1989: Li Peng issued an Order of the State Council, declaring martial law in Beijing • May 30: Goddess of Democracy • Jun 3-4: PLA moved in to clear Tiananmen Square of all demonstrators- Muxidi and Qianmen • Official figures: 200 civilians (36 students) killed and 3000 injured • Government’s rationale: anarchy and counter-revolution • Problems with the demonstrators themselves

  11. Goddess of Democracy

  12. Jiang Zemin • 1989-2002 • ‘Three Represents’ • China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001

  13. Hu Jintao • 2002-2012 • ‘Harmonious Society’ • ‘Scientific Development’ • ‘Populist authoritarianism’

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