California's Progressive Movement: A Path to Reform

1. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 The Progressive Movement 1. Toward a New Politics: The Context of Progressivism • The Insecurity of Modern Life • Social Housekeeping • Evolution or Revolution 2. The Progressives: Their Methods, Goals, and Limitations • Social workers and Muckrakers • Dictatorship of the Experts • Progressives on the Color Line 3. Progressives in State and Local Politics • Redesigning the City • Reform Mayors, City Services, and the States 4. The President Becomes “The Administration” • The Executive Branch Against the Trusts • Conserving Water, Land, and Forests • Big Stick Diplomacy and Dollar Diplomacy • 5. Rival Visions of the Industrial Future • The New Nationalism • The 1912 Election and New Freedom

2. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 1. Toward a New Politics: The Context of Progressivism • The Insecurity of Modern Life • Social Housekeeping • Evolution or Revolution The Railroad: The Mother of the Corporation - and of Modern Live

3. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 1. Toward a New Politics: The Context of Progressivism • The Insecurity of Modern Life • Social Housekeeping • Evolution or Revolution The Power of Corporate Trusts – J.P. Morgan: (1837-1913), began as an accountant for banking firms until he became a partner in a company in 1871, which was reorganized as J.P. Morgan and Company in 1895. A coldly rational man, Morgan reorganized railroads after 1885, by gaining control of large amounts of stock. In 1896, Morgan embarked on consolidations in the electric and steel industries, creating the world's first billion-dollar corporation: U.S. Steel. By the early 1900s, Morgan was the main force behind the “Money Trusts”, controlling virtually all the basic American industries.

4. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 1. Toward a New Politics: The Context of Progressivism • The Insecurity of Modern Life • Social Housekeeping • Evolution or Revolution

5. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 1. Toward a New Politics: The Context of Progressivism • The Insecurity of Modern Life • Social Housekeeping • Evolution or Revolution Living and Working Conditions of the Working Class Children sleeping in Mulberry Street, Jacob Riis, 1890 Jacob Riis, Five Cents Lodging, Bayard Street, c. 1889

6. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California’s Era of Reform November 5, 2011 1. Toward a New Politics: The Context of Progressivism • The Insecurity of Modern Life • Social Housekeeping • Evolution or Revolution Sins and Pleasures of Working Class Immigrants Luna Park at Coney IslandConey Island became a pleasure resort in the 1870s, but not until the turn of the century, with the development of elaborate amusement parks like Luna Park -- pictured here with its elaborate tower, electric lights, flags, and "Helter Skelter" chute--did Coney Island come into its own as the capital of commercialized leisure. Highlights for Coney Island visitors included the beach, the vaudeville hall, and the midway with its rides and its risqué harem dancers. It was the largest amusement area in the United States through World War II.

7. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 1. Toward a New Politics: The Context of Progressivism • The Insecurity of Modern Life • Social Housekeeping • Evolution or Revolution The Radical Labor Movement and Socialism

8. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 1. Toward a New Politics: The Context of Progressivism • The Insecurity of Modern Life • Social Housekeeping • Evolution or Revolution Populism - The Wonderful Wizard of Oz? This beloved children's classic was published in 1900 in the wake of the collapse of western Populism, and many have read it as a metaphor of the movement. The author, L. Frank Baum, was an advocate of Populism. He was married to Maud Gage, daughter of suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage. The book centers around an adventuresome young girl from the Populist farm state of Kansas, named Dorothy after the Baums' recently deceased daughter. In the book, Dorothy is saved through magical shoes made of silver, echoing the Populist demand for a silver-based currency.

9. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 2. The Progressives: Their Methods, Goals, and Limitations • Social workers and Muckrakers • Dictatorship of the Experts • Progressives on the Color Line muckraker: term coined by Theodore Roosevelt that referred to a group of investigative journalists who published stories exposing shady practices and corruption in business and politics.

10. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 The Progressive Movement 2. The Progressives • Social workers and Muckrakers • Dictatorship of the Experts • Progressives on the Color Line Ida TarbellIda M. Tarbell served as managing editor of McClure's Magazine, where her "History of the Standard Oil Company" ran in serial form for three years. Her revelations of the ruthless practices John D. Rockefeller used to seize control of the oil-refining industry convinced readers that it was time for economic and political reforms to curb the power of big business. Tarbell grew up in the Pennsylvania oil region and knew firsthand how Standard Oil crushed competitors--her father was forced out of business by Rockefeller's South Improvement Company.

12. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 The Progressive Movement 2. The Progressives • Social workers and Muckrakers • Dictatorship of the Experts • Progressives on the Color Line Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire The doors were the problem. Most were locked (to keep the working girls from leaving early); the few that were open became jammed by bodies as the flames spread. When the fire trucks finally came, the ladders were too short. Compared with those caught inside, the girls who leapt to their deaths were the lucky ones. "As I looked up I saw a love affair in the midst of all the horror," a reporter wrote. A young man was helping girls leap from a window. The fourth "put her arms about him and kiss[ed] him. Then he held her out into space and dropped her." He immediately followed. "Thud--dead, Thud--dead...I saw his face before they covered it...He was a real man. He had done his best." -New York Tribune, March 26, 1911.

13. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 2. The Progressives • Social workers and Muckrakers • Dictatorship of the Experts • Progressives on the Color Line Hull House: the first settlement house in the United States. Opened in Chicago by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889. Set up a nursery for the children of working mothers, a penny savings bank, an employment bureau, a baby clinic, a playground, and a social club. Also promoted the arts by sponsoring an orchestra, reading groups, and a lecture series.

14. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 2. The Progressives • Social workers and Muckrakers • Dictatorship of the Experts Frederick Winslow Taylor and Scientific Management

15. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 2. The Progressives • The Nation and the Body

16. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 2. The Progressives • The Nation and the Body

17. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 Ida B. Wells – muckraking on Lynching 2. The Progressives • Progressives on the Color Line

18. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 2. The Progressives • Progressives on the Color Line Booker T. Washington: Born into slavery in Virginia in 1856, struggled to obtain an education, founded the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. Known as an “accommodator” he called on southern blacks to “cast down your bucket where you are,” and focus on self-improvement rather than equal rights of citizenship. Praised by whites for his “Atlanta Compromise” (1895), he gained access to the most powerful men in the country.

19. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 2. The Progressives • Social workers and Muckrakers • Dictatorship of the Experts • Progressives on the Color Line

20. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 3. Progressives in State and Local Politics • Redesigning the City • Reform Mayors, City Services, and the States Faucet In response to Chicago's typhoid fever outbreak in 1882 (which was caused by polluted water), enlightened city engineers created and expanded municipal sewage systems and devised ingenious ways to bring clean water to the urban population. By the 1890s, the residents of American cities demanded and received, at the twist of a faucet, water for their bathtubs, toilets, and even their lawn sprinklers. Those who could afford it enjoyed a standard of living that was the envy of civilization.

21. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 3. Progressives in State and Local Politics • Redesigning the City • Reform Mayors, City Services, and the States Galveston after its Hurricane 1900 • The City: • Zoning Laws • Housing Codes • Settlement Houses • Americanization: • Women’s Christian Temperance Union • National Urban League Mulberry Street, New York, 1898

23. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 • Reforming Democracy: • 17th Amendment (Senators) • 19th Amendment (Vote for Women) • Reforming City Government: • Citywide Elections • City Commission Plan • City Manager Plan • Reforming State Government: • Initiative • Referendum • Recall • Creating the Virtuous Electorate: • Secret Voting • Registration • Poll Tax • Creation of the INS (1906) • Disfranchisement 3. Progressives in State and Local Politics • Redesigning the City • Reform Mayors, City Services, and the States Australian ballot: secret ballot printed by the government, introduced in virtually every state by the 1890s. Enabled voters to cast their votes privately. Signified the government’s commitment to election reform.

24. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 3. Progressives in State and Local Politics • Redesigning the City • Reform Mayors, City Services, and the States Campaigning for Woman's Suffrage (Woman's Suffrage Flag)In 1896 women voted in only four states--Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah. The West led the way in the campaign for womn suffrage, partially because of demographics, as in the case of Wyoming, where only 16 votes were needed in the state's tiny legislature to obtain passage of the vote for women. This flag illustrates the number of states where women voted.

25. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 3. Progressives in State and Local Politics • Redesigning the City • Reform Mayors, City Services, and the States

26. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 4. The President Becomes “The Administration” • The Executive Branch Against the Trusts • Conserving Water, Land, and Forests • Big Stick Diplomacy and Dollar Diplomacy Campaigning for the Square Deal When William McKinley ran for president in 1896, he sat on his front porch in Canton, Ohio, and received delegations of voters. That was not Theodore Roosevelt's way. He considered the presidency a "bully pulpit," and he used the office brilliantly to mobilize public opinion and to assert his leadership. The preeminence of the presidence in American public life begins with Roosevelt's administration. Here, Roosevelt stumps for the Square Deal in the 1904 election.

27. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 4. The President Becomes “The Administration” • The Executive Branch Against the Trusts • Conserving Water, Land, and Forests • Big Stick Diplomacy and Dollar Diplomacy • Busting the Trusts: Regulating Businesses: • Theodore Roosevelt: Public Pressure and Trust-Buster • Howard Taft: Hostile Litigator • Woodrow Wilson: Regulation and Government Oversight

28. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 4. The President Becomes “The Administration” • The Executive Branch Against the Trusts • Conserving Water, Land, and Forests Teddy Roosevelt once declared himself to be "as strong as a bull moose." The appellation stuck and the moose became the popular symbol for the Progressive Party. This cartoon depicting the mascots of the major parties appeared in Harper's Weekly, July 20, 1912, just before the "Bull Moose" convention opened in Chicago.e "as strong as a bull moose." The appellation stuck and the moose became the popular symbol for the Progressive Party under Roosevelt. This cartoon depicting the mascots of the major parties appeared in Harper's Weekly, July 20, 1912, just before the "Bull Moose" convention opened in Chicago.

29. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 4. The President Becomes “The Administration” • The Executive Branch Against the Trusts • Conserving Water, Land, and Forests

30. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 • 5. Rival Visions of the Industrial Future • The New Nationalism • The 1912 Election and New Freedom

31. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 • 5. Rival Visions of the Industrial Future • The New Nationalism • The 1912 Election and New Freedom • Important Regulatory Initiatives of the Progressive Era: • Sherman Anti-Trust Act • Pure Food and Drug Act • Meat Inspection Act • Federal Trade Commission • Federal Reserve Act • Federal Income Tax Amendment (16th) • Regulating Capital-Labor Relations: • Kern McGillicuddy Act (Federal Workers’ Comp) • Factory Inspection Laws (NY) • Keating Owen Act (Child Labor Prohibition) • Clayton Anti-Trust Act (businesses vs. unions) • Federal Industries Relations Commission

32. TAH Pasadena Progressivism and California's Era of Reform November 5, 2011 • Discussion: • How have you taught Progressivism in the past? • What has worked? What hasn’t? • What are the challenges of teaching this topic? • New Approaches to Teaching Progressivism: