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Chapter 17

Chapter 17. Patterns of Subsistence. Chapter Outline. What is adaptation? How do humans adapt? What sorts of cultural adaptations have humans achieved through the ages?. Adaptation. Interaction between changes an organism makes in its environment

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Chapter 17

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  1. Chapter 17 Patterns of Subsistence

  2. Chapter Outline • What is adaptation? • How do humans adapt? • What sorts of cultural adaptations have humans achieved through the ages?

  3. Adaptation • Interaction between • changes an organism makes in its environment • changes the environmentmakes in the organism.

  4. Procedures for Cultural Ecology • Analyze the interrelationship of a culture’s technology and its environment. • Analyze the patterns of behavior associated with a culture’s technology. • Determine the relation between those behavior patterns and the rest of the cultural system.

  5. Culture Areas Defined for North and Central America

  6. Food Foraging Life: Characteristics • Move about a great deal. • Small size of local groups. • Populations stabilize at numbers well below the carrying capacity of their land. • Egalitarian, populations have few possessions and share what they have.

  7. Food Foraging: Impact on Society Three elements of human organization: • Division of labor by gender. • Food sharing. • The camp as the center of daily activity and the place where food is shared.

  8. Locations of Major Early Civilizations

  9. Transition to Food Production • Began about 11,000 to 9,000 y.a. • Probably the result of increased management of wild food resources. • Resulted in the development of permanent settlements as people practiced horticulture using simple hand tools.

  10. Pastoralism • Subsistence that relies on raising herds of domesticated animals, such as cattle, sheep, and goats. • Pastoralists are usually nomadic.

  11. Development of Cities • Cities developed as intensified agricultural techniques created a surplus. • Individuals were free to specialize full-time in other activities.

  12. Social Structure of Cities • Development of cities resulted in increased social stratification. • People are ranked according to gender, the work they do, and the family they are born into. • Social relationships grow more formal and centralized.

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