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Chapter 06

Chapter 06. Securing Independence, Defining Nationhood, 1776 – 1788. Readings for Chapter 6. You MUST read pages 166-184 I will only cover the Revolutionary War in this chapter and a few “interesting” stories about ratification of the Constitution. Read also, page 153,160-161and 175.

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Chapter 06

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  1. Chapter 06 Securing Independence, Defining Nationhood, 1776 – 1788

  2. Readings for Chapter 6 • You MUST read pages 166-184 • I will only cover the Revolutionary War in this chapter and a few “interesting” stories about ratification of the Constitution. • Read also, page 153,160-161and 175. • Be prepared for a quiz along the way. • Reading is FUN de mental!

  3. The Prospects of War Loyalists and Other British Sympathizers

  4. The Opposing Sides Britain 11 million 111,000 soldiers to 162,000 *expenses strained 30,000 Hessians economic resources 21,000 Loyalists National debt doubled Over 100,000 sailors 62,000 lost Americans Citizen soldiers (state militia) Not trained in Continental fighting (guerrilla tactics) Need for precise execution of movements and mass formations Discipline and training lacking 220,000 troops Washington -- logical choice --bad military reputation

  5. Battle of Quebec December 1776 • Benedict Arnold • Marches north with army • Besieges city • Wounded in the knee • Battle lost • National hero

  6. American Navy • John Paul Jones • 1779 • Bonhomme Richard 42 guns • HMS Serapis 20 guns • Battle of Flamborough Head • Jones’ ship was burning and he should have struck his colors, but he yelled his immortal works, “I have not yet begun to fight.” • Serapis surrendered and Jones transferred his colors. • Repairs were made in Holland to the USS Alliance. • John Paul Jones became a legend.

  7. Shifting Fortunes in the North, 1776-1778 • New York Summer of 1776 • General William Howe • 32,000 troops • Admiral Richard, Lord Howe • 130 warships • Battle of Brooklyn Heights August 27, 1776 • ¼ of Washington’s troops killed or captured • British prison ships • Washington’s retreat across New Jersey and the Delaware River • Thomas Paine: “These are the times that try men’s souls.” • New Jersey loyalists ruin the state

  8. Valley Forge • Shelters • Forests depleted • No food • No sanitation • No shoes • No clothes • Desertion rate high • Thomas Paine • Washington needs to take action!

  9. Washington Strikes Back • Christmas night 1776 • “The Crossing” of the Delaware • Battle of Trenton New Jersey • Captured 918 Hessians • Hessian commander killed by sharp shooter • Lost 4 Continental soldiers • January 3, 1777 • Battle of Princeton • 1,200 British captured 1/3 Lost 40 men • New Jersey’s loyalists jailed and killed by militia

  10. Map 6.1: The War in the North, 1775–1778

  11. The Marquis de Lafayette • Lafayette, Georgia • Fayette, Alabama • 20 years old • Aristocrat • Joined Washington’s staff • Brave • Idealistic • Optimistic Maybe France will join the cause • King Louis XVI wanted proof of American ability

  12. Battle of Brandywine CreekSeptember 11, 1777 • General William Howe • Landed 18,000 troops near Philadelphia • Washington occupied Philadelphia with 16,000 men • August 1777 • Continental units crumble • Howe takes Philadelphia • Washington strikes back • Germantown, Pennsylvania • October 4 Washington is a LOSER again! • Washington had lost 20% of his army wounded, killed or captured • Many called for Washington’s resignation • Only his Masonic brothers stayed loyal to him • This held the army together

  13. Battle of SaratogaOctober 17, 1777 • British 2 pronged attack • Drive a wedge • Cut off the New England states • Lt. Colonel Barry St. Leger • From Fort Oswego • 750 Colonials at Fort Stanwix Couldn’t take the fort in 3 weeks • Retreated in August 1777 • General John Burgoyne • Main British army 8,300 men and Hessians • Recaptured Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point • General Horatio Gates with 7,000 men • 2 Battles make up Battle of Saratoga • Burgoyne surrendered TURNING POINT

  14. Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben • February 1778 • German soldier of fortune • Short, squat, immensely popular • Tantrums of swearing German, French, English • Administrator and genius • Single-handedly turned army into a formidable fighting force • Died a bachelor

  15. Battle of MonmouthJune 28, 1778 • France entered the war on America’s side. • Thousands of troops needed to fight against France in the West Indies • General Henry Clinton (new commander-in-chief of British forces) • Withdraws from Philadelphia • Colonial Army catches REAR GUARD in New Jersey • 6 hour battle 100 degree heat • Clinton broke off contact, “My Lord, you must heed the voice of God.” • British slipped away in the night for New York. • Whig militia in New Jersey “exterminated” loyalists. • Battle for the north was over.

  16. “Molly Pitcher” • Nickname given to a woman that said to have fought in the American Revolution. • Believed to have been Mary Ludwig Hays. • Historians regard Molly Pitcher as legend rather than history. Molly Pitcher may be a composite image inspired by the actions of a number of real women. • name originated as a nickname given to women who carried water to men on the battlefield during the war. • Affected outcome of Monmouth due to heat.

  17. War in the “South”West, 1776-1782 • Cherokee Wars • Cherokees attacked settlers in N. Carolina • Colonial retaliations • Burned most Cherokee towns • Cherokees signed treaties surrendering most of their lands to S. Carolina, N. Carolina and Tennessee

  18. War in the “North”West • Ohio Indians fought white settlers in Kentucky • Battle of Vincennes “Ven” “Sin” • Colonel George Rogers Clark • 175 Kentucky militiamen • Captured lost and retook former French town Shawnee John Bowman May 1778 Delaware and Mingo Daniel Brodhead August 1778

  19. Mohawk Joseph Bryant • Chief • Iroquois and Mohawk • Pennsylvania and New York frontiers • 1778 • 700 settlers killed • General John Sullivan • Retaliated • 3,700 Colonial troops • Battle of Elmira, New York • Artillery routed Bryant’s warriors • 24 Iroquois villages burned Iroquois fled into Canada • Many starved as 60 inches (5 feet) of snow fell

  20. Significance • Quenching Indian resistance would impact the future shape of the United States.

  21. Map 6.2: The War in the West, 1776–1782

  22. Victory in the South • British assault on Fort Moultrie • Defends Charles Town • British Admiral Sir Peter Parker • Shattering cannon fire from ships • Patriot’s blue battle flag • Flagstaff shattered • Sergeant William Jasper • Retrieved / cannonbore pole • Drove into rampart / inspired men • Refused commission as officer (illiterate) • Killed in Battle of Savannah, Georgia Oct. 9, 1779

  23. General Augustine Prevost Captured Savannah from the Americans Asked to retire Replacement was captured Remained in command through the Siege of Savannah

  24. Jasper, Alabama connection • Dr. Edward G. Musgrove • Settled in 1815 • Named town in honor of Revolutionary War hero • Sergeant (Sgt.) William Jasper • No, Jasper never came to Jasper. • *This was a trend up until the U.S. Civil War.

  25. Jasper later rescued 12 American prisoners from the British at a site that became known as Jasper Springs. General Count Casimir Pulaski killed at Savannah. Jasper got a sword. Pulaski got a fort.

  26. Sergeant William JasperBronze relief on monument

  27. Fort Pulaski Savannah, Georgia

  28. Map 6.3: The War in the South, 1778–1781

  29. War in the South • British Strategy • Secure Southern ports • Gain flexibility to move troops back and forth from colonies to West Indies • General Henry Clinton • Loyalist militiamen would be used • Counted on Tories to come to their aid • Then, bickering in UK caused 2 year delay

  30. Georgia and Alabama • 1778 • Troops from East Florida took Georgia • Alabama • Fort Charlotte (Fort Conde) in Mobile • Spain entered war on side of Colonists • Brigadier General Don Bernardo de Galvez • Landed at Choctaw Point • Placed 6 batteries of artillery north and west of fort • “Brisk cannonade” which lasted two weeks • March 13 or 14, 1780, Captain Elias Durnford surrendered • Small garrison of Scottish kilted highlanders marched out

  31. War in the South continued… • General Henry Clinton • 9,000 men • Charles Town, South Carolina • 3,400 man garrison • Surrendered • Problems • Cherokees on war path • Loyalists had given up

  32. Sacred to the Memory ofGEN. FRANCIS MARIONWho departed his life, on the 26th of February, 1795,IN THE SIXTY-THIRD YEAR OF HIS AGEDeeply regretted by all his fellow citizensHISTORYwill record his worth, and rising generations embalmhis memory, as one of the most distinguishedPATRIOTS AND HEROES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONwhich elevated his native CountryTO HONOR AND INDEPENDENCE,ANDSecured to her the blessings ofLIBERTY AND PEACEThis tribute of veneration and gratitude is erectedin commemoration ofthe noble and disinterested virtues of theCITIZEN;and the gallant exploits of theSOLDIER; Who lived without fear, and died without reproach Swamp Fox • Francis Marion • Militia • Dealt British misery

  33. War in the South continued • General Horatio Gates (militiamen) • General Lord Charles Cornwallis • American Victories • Kettle Creek • Cowpens • Eutaw Springs • Kings Mountain

  34. War in the Southcontinued • Battle of Camden • Worst Colonial defeat of the war • Battle of Guilford Courthouse • Gates relieved of command after Camden • General Nathaniel Greene takes command • Writes to Washington “We fight, get beat, rise and fight again.” • This is what Washington needs. • Cornwallis moves north • Militia breaks supply lines • Cornwallis holds up at Yorktown

  35. Battle of Yorktown • August 30, 1781 until October 19, 1781 • French fleet arrives • Drops anchor off Virginia and won’t allow Cornwallis re-supply • Washington moves south • French army lands • LaFayette joins Washington • 6,000 British against 8,800 Americans and 7,800 French • Cornwallis surrenders • George III has given him powers unprecedented to negotiate. So, this proves to be the end.

  36. Peace at Last, 1782-1783 • Cornwallis was a god to British people. • Overtaxed people order peace terms • John Adams, Ben Franklin, John Jay • Treaty of Paris, 1783 • Withdraw British troops • Britain returned Florida to Spain • 31 Parallel set as boundary • British debt could not be collected so Britain held on to some forts • No provision for Native Americans • 5% of all free males had died fighting British

  37. The Revolution and Social Change Egalitarianism / White Men Read

  38. White Women in Wartime • Read

  39. Revolution for African-Americans • Read

  40. Native Americans and the Revolution • Read

  41. Forging New Governments, 1776-1787 From Colonies to States

  42. Formalizing a Confederation, 1776-1781 • See Articles of Confederation Slide Show

  43. Finance, Trade and the Economy, 1781-1786 • Read

  44. The Confederation and the West • Read

  45. Map 6.4: State Claims to Western Lands, and State Cessions to the Federal Government, 1782–1802

  46. Toward a New Constitution, 1786-1788 Shay’s Rebellion, 1786-1787

  47. Map 6.5: The Northwest Territory 1785–1787

  48. Shay’s Rebellion 1786-1787 • Massachusetts farmers • Legislature: Pay of war debt in 3 years • Tax hike • Shortage of gold and silver coin (specie) • Daniel Shays • Marched on Arsenal at Springfield • Militia gained control and put down rebellion

  49. Annapolis Convention • Delegates from 5 states • Called for a general convention to amend the Articles of Confederation • Congress asked states to appoint delegates to meet in Philadelphia.

  50. The Philadelphia Convention, 1787

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