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CH25: The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900

The Agricultural Revolution paved the way for the Industrial Revolution in 1700’s England, with innovations like the Seed Drill and Crop Rotation transforming agricultural production. Enclosure Movement led to rural-urban migration and factory work. The Industrial Revolution started with advancements in agriculture and technology, such as the Textile industry and coal production, leading to urbanization in cities like Manchester. Explore the transformations and challenges faced by workers in these changing times through historical texts and videos.

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CH25: The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900

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  1. CH25: The Industrial Revolution1700-1900 ****

  2. ch25 Section 1: The Beginnings of Industrialization

  3. Agricultural Revolution • 1700’s large landowners in England • Dramatically improved farming methods • Led to Agricultural Revolution • Led to Industrial Revolution

  4. What Questions Paved the Way for Agricultural Revolution? • 1. How do you produce surplus (extra) crops? • 2. How can you bring down the price of crops?

  5. What Innovations in agriculture led to improvements in agricultural production?

  6. Enclosure Movement (Fencing off Land) • 2 outcomes: • 1. Landowners tried new agricultural methods • 2. large landowners forced small farmers to • become tenant farmers • Give up farming • Move to cities

  7. JethroTull (1674-1741) • Scientific Farmer • Invented the Seed Drill (1701) • Seed drill Allowed seeds to be planted in rows, rather than by casting seeds randomly

  8. Charles “Turnip” Townsend (1674-1738) • Introduced Crop Rotation – wheat, turnips, barley, clover • Crop rotation Restores nutrients in soil

  9. Robert Bakewell (1725-1795) • Pioneered new methods of animal breeding • Bred stronger animals • Ex: Allowed only his best sheep to breed

  10. Improvements in Agriculture… • 1. led to Abundant food supply • 2. Allow landowners to have a “disposable income” – money left over to invest in other business opportunities • 3. Enclosure forced many to move to cities and work in factories

  11. Causes of the Industrial Revolution: The Agricultural Revolution (2015) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QKIts2_yJ0

  12. Why Did the Industrial Revolution Begin in England? • 1. Innovations in Agriculture • 2. New Technology – (beginning with) Textile industry • 3. Large population • 4. Stable Economy • 5. Available natural resources Coal & Iron Production • 6. Harbors & Rivers –(necessary for water power)

  13. Why was the Textile Industry in England the First to Industrialize? • 1. The introduction of machines revolutionized the textile industry (cotton, wool, linen) • 2. Faster production at cheaper rate • 3. New factories brought laborers and families to factory towns/cities

  14. Inventions Spur Industrialization • 1. John Kay’s Flying Shuttle • Allowed weavers to work faster • Weave Wider fabrics • Problem: they outpaced spinners • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7O98vJ8VEF4

  15. Inventions Spur Industrialization • 2. James Hargreave’sSpinning Jenny • Spun many threads at the same time (8 originally) • Enabled spinners to produce yarn in greater quantities

  16. Inventions Spur Industrialization • 3. Richard Arkwright’s Water Frame • Machine used water power to speed up spinning

  17. Inventions Spur Industrialization • 4. Edmund Cartwright’s Power Loom • Used for weaving cloth • Did not gain importance until 1830’s! • By then, more power loom weavers than hand loom weavers

  18. Inventions Spur Industrialization • England’s bought Cotton from American slave plantations in the South • 5. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin • Machine removed seeds from cotton • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KlISIvrFbLs&list=PLirlbrwLIQMkSbqOVm5-Ukj898schJzsy

  19. As a Result… • Factory system led to growth of Textile Industry • English Textiles shipped all over the world • England/Great Britain’s economic foundation • Other industries: iron making, shipbuilding

  20. Factories & Machines – History of Britain (2013) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUnCmpD78Dg

  21. ch25 Section 2: Industrialization case study: Manchester, England

  22. Industrialization Changed Life • Between 1800-1850 the number of cities rose • Population rose as well • Urbanization – the building of cities and the movement of people to cities

  23. Industrialization Changed Life • Factories built in clusters • Built around sources of energy (water, coal) • Housing for workers was built next to factories

  24. Manchester, England • Center of Textile Industry • 1st mechanized cotton mill built in 1780 • “mill town” • Population grew from 45,000 in 1760 to 300,000 in 1850!

  25. Manchester, England • In 1842 a German visitor noted that he had seen so many people in the streets of Manchester without arms and legs that it was like "living in the midst of the army just returned from a campaign."

  26. In Manchester, England… • Wealth flowed from factories • Unhealthy place for poor workers • Coal powered factories and created air pollution • Textile dyes polluted Irwell River

  27. Manchester, England in 1901 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWo8mSMbNl0 • 1. What did you see/notice? • 2. How did the film footage make you feel?

  28. Living Conditions in the Cities • Urbanization happened quickly • Cities lacked: • sanitary codes, building codes, • police protection, sewers, garbage collection • paved streets

  29. Sickness Was Widespread in the Cities • No indoor toilets, heating, or cooling in apartment buildings • Epidemics of deadly disease constant • Cholera • Contaminated water made people sick

  30. Other Social Issues Stemming from Rapid Urbanization • Crime • Professional Police Force established in 1828 in London, England • Poverty • All members of the family of lower classes had to work • Degradation at factories • No laws protecting workers

  31. The Treadmlil’s Dark and Twisted Past – TED (2015) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Al-30Z-aH8M&vl=en

  32. Working Conditions in Factories 1750-1800’s • Dangerous machinery • Loss of limbs/ life common • No ventilation/ sanitation • child labor (as young as 6) • No such thing as worker’s rights

  33. Working Conditions in Factories 1750-1800’s • Long hours/low pay • 14 hour work days • 6am -8pm • 6 days a week • No scheduled breaks

  34. Disruption to Family Life for Working Classes • Urbanization required that parents (and children) work outside the home • Children also sold (flowers, candles, matches, newspapers, on streets) • Led separate lives

  35. Working Class Women & Work • Lower class women worked in factories • Or as Domestic servants in middle/upper class homes • received less pay than men for “women’s work” • Poverty forced some families to give up children for adoption

  36. THE Little Match Girl (1845) • In small groups, take turns reading The Little Match Girl by Hans Christian Anderson • Discuss the questions • Write and turn in your responses • 1. What point do you think Andersen was trying to make? Did he succeed? • 2. Does The Little Match Girl end the way you expected? How? Why? • 3. How did the ending make you feel? Would you consider it a happy ending? Why or why not? • 4. The story is intended for a Christian audience, do you think setting it so close to the Christmas holiday was a commentary on faith or the holiday itself?

  37. THE Little Match Girl (2006) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y14KDS5U0Iw • Based on a short story by Hans Christian Anderson (1845)

  38. **** The middle and upper classes

  39. The Gap Widened Between • the working poor and the middle/upper classes in England • Middle/upper classes enjoyed a comfortable life

  40. Social Classes • 1. Upper Class (Rich) – • 10% of population • 2. Middle Class- * Can afford to live comfortably. • Women can afford to be “housewives” • 3. Working Poor – Entire family MUST work (husbands, wives, children)

  41. Who Belonged to the Middle &Upper Classes? • Middle: Factory owners, merchants, bankers, Government employees, doctors, lawyers, managers, clerks • Upper: nobility, land owners

  42. Middle /Upper Class Men • Worked outside home • Made $$ so that • Wives could afford NOT to work • Worked outside home

  43. Middle/Upper Class Families • Could afford “help” • # of domestics = how wealthy they were • Women Did NOT work, and had “help” with household chores, children

  44. Middle/Upper Class WOMEN… • Had free time to: • Educate children • Read magazines • Write letters • Visit friends • Order servants • Gossip… • Host tea parties • shop

  45. Domestic “Spheres” • The Women’s sphere – the home! • Duty: to keep a perfect home, raise “moral” children • Man’s sphere: the outside world- business, politics

  46. Family Time for Middle/Upper Classes • Leisure time centered on going to: • Parks • Beaches • Seaside Resorts • Theatres • Opera houses • Sports clubs and arenas

  47. Queen Victoria & the Victorian Age 1830’s-1900 • British Queen : 1837-1901 • Set Social norms for upper classes in Great Britain • “Victorian Morality” • “Victorian Age” or “Gilded Age”

  48. “Victorian Homes”

  49. Victorian Philosophy • The Middle/Upper Classes emphasized: • Morals! • Manners! • Proper Behavior! • Had guidelines on how to behave, act, dress, and…BE!

  50. Victorian Courtship (Dating) Rules

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