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بنام خداوند بخشنده مهربان

بنام خداوند بخشنده مهربان. منت خدای را عزو جل،که طاعتش موجب قرین است و به شکر اندرش مزید نعمت. هر نفسی که فرو می رود ممد حیات است و چون بر می آید مفرح ذات. پس در هر نفسی دو نعمت موجود و بر هر نعمت شکری واجب. فیزیولوژی تنفس ( 6 جلسه – 3/5 نمره) توسط: دکتر محمد حسین دشتی.

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بنام خداوند بخشنده مهربان

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  1. بنام خداوند بخشنده مهربان منت خدای را عزو جل،که طاعتش موجب قرین است و به شکر اندرش مزید نعمت. هر نفسی که فرو می رود ممد حیات است و چون بر می آید مفرح ذات. پس در هر نفسی دو نعمت موجود و بر هر نعمت شکری واجب.

  2. فیزیولوژی تنفس( 6 جلسه – 3/5 نمره)توسط: دکتر محمد حسین دشتی جلسه اول: اعمال کلی دستگاه تنفس - فیزیولوژی مجاری هوایی - مکانیک تنفس جلسه دوم: حجمها و ظرفیتهای استاتیک ریه - حجمهای دینامیکجلسه سوم:تهویه ریوی- تهویه حبابچه ای- فضای مرده - کومپلیانس ریه جلسه چهارم:کار تنفس – اثر نیروی ثقل بر تهویه جلسه پنجم: ویژگیهای گردش خون ریوی- تبادل گازها با خون- نسبت تهویه به جریان خون- خود تنظیمی ریوی جلسه ششم:انتقال گازهای تنفسی در خون – کنترل تنفس

  3. منابع 1-فيزيولوژي پزشكي گايتون- چاپ یازدهم ( فصلهاي 37 ،38 ،39 ؛40 و 41 ) 2- کلیات فیزیولوژی پزشكي گانونگ- چاپ بیست و سوم ( فصلهاي 34 ،35 و 36 ) 3- مبانی فِزِِِِيولوژي BERNE & LEVYچاپ چهارم( فصلهاي 25 ،26 ،27 ،28 و 29) فیزیولوژی تنفس نویسنده: میخائیل لویتسکی مترجمین: محمد حسین دشتی- عباس مرشدی:

  4. Respiratory PhysiologyBy:M.H.Dashti Lecture 1 Introduction to respiratory physiology, physiological functions of respiratory tracts, mechanics of breathing

  5. Blood cell ISF AIR Respiration is a series of integrated processes Figure 23.13

  6. The steps of external respiration include: • Pulmonary ventilation • Gas Exchange Between Air in the lungs And Blood in the pulmonary capillaries • Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood • Gas Exchange Between Blood in the systemic capillaries and interstitial fluid • The First 2 Steps Are The Functions Of Respiratory System

  7. Intra pulmonary airways LUNGS Respiratory Membrane ( alveoli ) Functional organization of the Respiratory System Respiratory pump

  8. The bronchial tree & it's different Zones • Conducting Zone • 1st 16 airway generations • Trachea to terminal bronchioles • No gas exchange • Gas transport by Convection • Location of Anatomic Dead Space • Respiratory Zone • Last 7 airway generations • Respiratory bronchioles to Alveoli • Gas exchange at Alveolar - Capillary membrane. • Gas transport by Diffusion • Large surface area ( 70 m2 )

  9. The effect of airway's cross sectional area on airway resistance

  10. Air flow & its types & velocity through the conducting zone (P atm – P alv) • Poiseuill’s law: Air flow = Q or F = ---------------- R • Types (Laminar , Turbulent or intermediate ) depends on: • Reynold’s number: Re=ρDV/η where ρ(rho)=density ,D=diameter , V= velocity & η=viscosity • Re= 2000 is critical • Velocity : • V=F/A where F=Flow & A= cross sectional area

  11. Lung volume affects airway resistance & conductance airway resistance is also affected by the density and viscosity of the inspired gas.

  12. Control of Airway resistance via their Smooth Muscle-1 • Circadian rhythm • Max constriction at 6 A.M. • Max dilation at 6 p.m. • Neural control • sympathetic-beta-2 receptors causing dilatation • Parasympathetic-muscarinic receptors causing constriction • NANC nerves (non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic) • Inhibitory release VIP and NO  broncho dilatation • Stimulatory release ATP , CCK or ?  broncho constriction ( reflective spasm ) , mucous secretion, vascular hyper permeability & vasodilatation ( neurogenic inflammation ) and cough.

  13. Control of Airway resistance via their Smooth Muscle-2 • Local factors • Bronchoconstrictors • histamine via H1 receptors • slow reactive substance of anaphylaxis- allergic response to pollen • Prostaglandin- F series • Environmental pollution • Cold weather • Bronchodilatators • histamine via H2 receptors • Prostaglandins E series • ↓Po2 & ↑pco2 in inspired air

  14. The mucociliary transport system in the airways:The sol phase or periciliary fluid, The gel phase or mucus layer & cilia

  15. mechanics of breathingLung & chest wall relationship • Each lung is covered by one pleura • a serous membrane lining the pleural cavity • Parietal pleura- attaches to the walls of the pleural cavity • Visceral pleura- adheres to the surface of the lungs

  16. Pleural Pressure • Lungs have a natural tendency to collapse • surface tension forces 2/3 • elastic fibers 1/3 • Chest wall has a natural tendency to expand • negative pleural pressure itself is produced by 2 opposite recoil tendencies of lung and chest wall and keeps these 2 • Lungs Held against the chest wall by “suction” or negative pleural pressure

  17. mechanics of breathing based onBOYL’S LAW of gasses ( PV=k )

  18. (PB – P alv ) Q or F = ---------------- R PB=0 According to Poiseuill’s law air flows in & out of the lungs by Alveolar Pressure Changes which is based on BOYL’S LAW

  19. According to Boyl's Law, Pressure changes are related to volume changes which requires the contraction of ventilatory muscles Inspiratory muscles Expiratory muscles Deep Inspiratory muscles • Sup. Serratus • LevatorCostarum Post Inf. Serratus Transverse Thoracis Pyramidal Tidal Inspiratory muscles

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