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Modern Philosophy

Explore the philosophies of Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Leibniz, examining their backgrounds, metaphysical views, ethical theories, and impacts on modern philosophy. Delve into their epistemological and metaphysical stances and compare their approaches to God, evil, and freedom.

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Modern Philosophy

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  1. Modern Philosophy Part two

  2. Baruch Spinoza • Background • Early years • The road to excommunication • Lenses & philosophy • Works

  3. Spinoza: Goals & Methods • Goal: Freedom • Ethics • Method • Ethics • Foundation • Assumptions

  4. Spinoza: Epistemology • Truth • Necessity • Appearance of contingency • Ideas • Opinion/Imagination • Reason • Intuition

  5. Spinoza: Metaphysics • Substance • Defining substance • Infinity • Defining God • Ontological Argument for God’s existence • God • Argument for one substance • Pantheism • Is God a Person

  6. Spinoza: Metaphysics • Atheist or Mystic • Labels • False Dilemma • Freedom & necessity • Apparent contradiction • Creation & Necessity • Two types of events • Free Will

  7. Spinoza: Metaphysics • Mind-Body problem • God’s attributes • Mind-Body

  8. Spinoza: Ethics • Freedom • Overview • Method • Self Preservation • Self-awareness • The Mind • Comprehensive understanding

  9. Spinoza: Ethics • Good & Evil • Good & Evil • Self-preservation • Love & Immortality • Intellectual love of God • Immortality

  10. Spinoza: Criticism/Impact • Conclusion • The Wise man • Criticism • Desirable • Coherent • Impact • Impact • 18th Century • 19th Century • 20th Century

  11. Leibniz: Background • German Culture • Stagnant • Background for Leibniz • Early years • Professional career • Diplomacy • Works

  12. Leibniz: Goal & Method • Goal • Unified • Logical Method • Logic • Method • Application of the method • Assumptions

  13. Leibniz: Epistemology • Innate Ideas • Against Locke • The Mind • Against the empiricists

  14. Leibniz: EpistemologyNecessity & Contingency • Truths of Reason & Truths of Fact • Truths of reason • Truths of fact • Necessary & contingent truths • Deduction

  15. Leibniz: MetaphysicsGod • God • Proofs for God’s existence • Proof of God’s existence by possibility & necessity • God • Perfection • Existence • Cosmological Argument • Two principles • Two kinds of truth • Sufficient Reason • God

  16. Leibniz: MetaphysicsProblem of Evil • Best of All Possible Worlds • The best world • God’s choice • Diversity • No Better Possible World • Intellectualist view • The Problem & Reply • The Best • Denial of pantheism

  17. Leibniz: MetaphysicsProblem of Evil • Evil as Privation • The question • Origin of evil-the ancients • Origin of evil-intellectualist view • Understanding & necessity • Analogy of the Boats • Boats • The Analogy • Defects

  18. Leibniz: MetaphysicsMetaphysical Points • Problems & Solutions • Introduction • Problems with Cartesian matter • Problems with Spinoza • Rejection of materialism • Phenomenology • Metaphysical Points

  19. Leibniz: MetaphysicsMonads • Nature of Monads • Introduction • Minds • Perception • Continuity • The identity of indiscernibles

  20. Leibniz: MetaphysicsMonads • Windowless Monads • Windowless • Pre-Established harmony • Inner World • One World • Space & Time • Extended Things • Space & Time

  21. Leibniz: MetaphysicsMonads • Mind-Body Problem • Bodies • Interaction • Teleology & Mechanism • Reconciliation • Two Realms • Freedom & Determinism • Freedom • Compatibilism

  22. Leibniz: MetaphysicsMonads • The City of God • Souls • Why did God create the world? • Harmony, reward & punishment • Machinery of Justice

  23. Leibniz: MetaphysicsProblems & Impact • Problems • The best of all possible worlds • Freedom • Collapse to Spinoza • Impact • Dominant • Lost potential • Universal, logically perfect language

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