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Review of Previous Unit. Roaring Twenties. United States History Post-War Tension. Fear of Things Foreign. Immigration vs. Isolation The Red Scare Sacco and Vanzetti Trial New Immigration Laws The Great Migration Harlem Renaissance Garveyism The New Ku Klux Klan
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Roaring Twenties United States HistoryPost-War Tension
Fear of Things Foreign • Immigration vs. Isolation • The Red Scare • Sacco and Vanzetti Trial • New Immigration Laws • The Great Migration • Harlem Renaissance • Garveyism • The New Ku Klux Klan • The Scopes “Monkey” Trial • Prohibition
Immigration vs. Isolation • "Second Wave" of immigrants to the United States. • The immigrants came to the U.S. seeking better economic opportunities for their families. • Often they came across strong feelings of prejudice and nativism from the Americans. • They were victims of discrimination in the work place, identified as radicals, were targets of the Ku Klux Klan, and faced various other problems.
The Red Scare • Anti-Communist panic throughout the United States • Resulted from the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia • Along with the spread of communism in Hungary and Bavaria • Fear of Communism results in Government creating a “General Intelligence Division” in the Dept. of Justice • Established by A. Mitchell Palmer • headed by J. Edgar Hoover • given job to arrest and deport potential radicals
The Red Scare • The Palmer Raids and Deportations • Foreigners were especially vulnerable to attacks • Palmer’s men stage raids on the Union of Russian Works • Through out 12 cities • 249 aliens were deported back to Russia on a ship Nicknamed the “The Soviet Ark.” • More raids followed resulting in: • 4,000 arrest within 33 cities • Public View • William Allen White called the methods “un-American” • Generally American’s applauded Palmer’s methods stating that the raids: • reduced the communist threat • demoralized American radicals • reduced labor strikes
Vanzetti and Sacco Sacco and Vanzetti • Two Italian self-proclaimed “Radicals” • convicted of a robbery and murder in 1920 • trial was a travesty of justice • Great deal of controversy • Trial not about murder but ideology and ethnic heritage
Sacco and Vanzetti “I am suffering because I am a radical. Indeed I am a radical. I have suffered because I was an Italian. Indeed, I am an Italian. I have suffered more for my family and my beloved than for myself. But I am so convinced to be right that if you could execute me two times, and if I could be reborn two other times, I would live again to do what I have done already. I have finished. Thank you.” -- Vanzetti’s final statement, 1927
New Immigration Laws • 1917 Literacy Test • National Origins Quota Act (1924) • Slanted toward favoring “old immigrants” • Doors wide open to western hemisphere countries • Increased mechanization had reduced need for labor
The Great Migration • Occurred from around 1910 to the early 1930's. Consisted of African Americans moving from the south to the north. • Between 1915 and 1919 between 400,000 to 500,000 southerners journeyed north and nearly one million more followed during the 1920's.
“Migration” Cont’d • A large influence for heading north was to be found in the Chicago Defender which helped to shape the character, magnitude, and direction of the movement.
The Reasons for Heading North: • Economic Growth • World War I caused a large amount of jobs to open to African Americans in mills and factories in northern cities. • To escape financial hardship in the south which was brought on by failing crops. • Political Growth • By 1928, the first African American Congressman was elected. • Social Growth • moving North they were escaping increasing racism in the south, including the formation of the Ku Klux Klan. There was also better housing. • In the South there was little opportunity for education, and children labored in the fields. • In the North children were able to attend schools
Harlem Renaissance • The Great Migration let African Americans North and many settled in Harlem, New York. This provided the start of the Harlem Renaissance. • The Harlem renaissance was a period of extraordinary creativity among African-American writers, artists, musicians and actors. • In the 1920’s what was happening was referred to as the New Negro Movement. The Harlem Renaissance is now thought of as a literary movement.
More on the Harlem Renaissance • Music • During this time Blues and Jazz flourished. Blues originated from work songs, ring shouts, field hollers and religious call-and-response rituals of the slave South. Jazz grew out of Blues as a combination of European musical forms and complex African percussive rhythms.
More on the Harlem Renaissance • Literature • Langston Hughes was a famous writer of this period. • Many of his poems are children’s poems. • His first published works were in a children’s magazine during the 1920’s. • He wanted to inspire the youth. • Much of his poetry talks of the hardships, poverty, inequality, etc. of the African-American people.
Journal Activity • Who inspired the Harlem Renaissance? Identify and describe the work of writes such as Sinclair Lewis, Alain Locke, Langston Hughes, Gertrude Stein, and Zora Neale Hurston.
Garveyism • Marcus Garvey • Journalist • Arrived in New York City at the age of 28 • Enthused audiences with his version of African American self-help doctrine • Advocated separate development within the U.S. and later Africa • Forms the Universal Negro Improvement Association • Peak membership of 250,000 • “Back to Africa” • Campaign to transport African American back to Africa • Establish a new country and government
The New Ku Klux Klan • Revived in Georgia in 1915 • Small Regional Group until 1920 • Received publicity in 1920 • grew to 5 million members by 1925
100% Americanism • This new KKK promoted "100% Americanism": • Protestantism • Charity • Motherhood • Morality • Temperance • Education
What did that mean? • What’s not 100% American? • Main targets • Roman Catholics • Jews • African Americans • "Every instinct, every interest, every dictate of conscience and public spirit insists that white supremacy forever shall be maintained." • Imperial Wizard, Hiram Wesley Evans
Influence of the Klan • Not limited to the South • Captured six governorships, including Colorado • dominated city council in Denver • very active in Grand Junction • Strongest in Indiana, Texas, and Ohio • Membership wanes after 1925 • but it does not go away • Demonstrates how close to the surface fear of outsiders is
Aimee Semple McPherson Religious Fundamentalism • Central Tenets • The virgin birth of Jesus Christ • Jesus' physical resurrection • The second coming of Christ was imminent and physical • Every word of the Bible is literally true • Strongest in the South, Midwest, and West
The Scopes “Monkey” Trial • About academic freedom on the surface • teaching of Darwin’s theory of evolution • Actually about opposing views of society • modern, urban, intellectual rationalism and secularism • religious dogma and old-fashioned, rural values • Clarence Darrow v. William Jennings Bryan John Scopes
Prohibition • Prohibition (1919) • 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution • Goal was to decrease alcohol consumption and criminal activities related to consumption • Major victory for tolerance advocates • Volstead Act (1922) • Aim was to enforce the 18th amendment • Placed bans on the manufacturing and sale of intoxicating liquor throughout America.
Prohibition • Public Reaction • Upper/middle classes flaunted the law • Speakeasies • Clubs where liquor was sold in violation of the law • A Boost to Organized Crime • Al “Scarface” Capone • St. Valentine’s Day Massacre (1929) • Ultimate failure of prohibition
Coming Attractions Preview of Next Unit
Coming Soon: • Laissez-faire Politics • A Return to Normalcy • Republican Leadership • Big Business • Ford and the Automobile • Leisure and Entertainment • Hoover’s Election