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Introduction to ECOLOGY (Chapter 50)

Introduction to ECOLOGY (Chapter 50). * ECOLOGY = the scientific study of the INTERACTIONS between organisms and their environments. *the environment includes:. • BIOTIC components (living; other organisms). and it includes:. • ABIOTIC components

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Introduction to ECOLOGY (Chapter 50)

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  1. Introduction to ECOLOGY(Chapter 50)

  2. *ECOLOGY = the scientific study of the INTERACTIONS between organisms and their environments

  3. *the environment includes: • BIOTIC components (living; other organisms)

  4. and it includes: • ABIOTIC components (nonliving: temp., light, water, nutrients, wind, pH)

  5. How do seasons affect the environment?

  6. Why is ice beneficial to lake organisms in winter? • Why is a fall/spring turnover beneficial to lake organisms? • How could a spring turnover be different than a fall turnover?

  7. How does latitude affect the environment?

  8. How does ocean depth affect the environment?

  9. Ecology can be divided into 4 increasingly comprehensive levels of study: • Organismal ecology: ways individual organisms meet the challenges posed by the abiotic environment

  10. 2. POPULATIONS POPULATION: all members of the same species living in the same general area (species: organisms with similar characteristics that can successfully reproduce fertile offspring) *Within a population, we can examine: -population size; density -rate of growth -limiting factors -birth rate/death rate -immigration/emigration -carrying capacity

  11. Walruses!! Penguins!!

  12. 3. COMMUNITIES COMMUNITY = all populations in a given area -includes HOW organisms’ interactions affect the community

  13. COMMUNITIES -types of interactions: Predation Competition Disease Parasitism Symbiosis

  14. 4. ECOSYSTEM ECOSYSTEM = the community and its surrounding environment (biotic and abiotic) -energy flow -materials / chemical cycling

  15. Major Types of Ecosystems: BIOMES!

  16. Aquatic Biomes: • Freshwater: saltwater conc. of less than 1% • Marine: saltwater conc. of 3%; cover about 75% of Earth’s surface

  17. Freshwater Biomes: • Lakes: • Oligotrophic • Eutrophic • Mesotrophic abiotic factors matter!

  18. Freshwater Biomes: • Streams • Rivers

  19. More Aquatic Biomes… • Wetlands • Estuaries

  20. Marine Biomes: • Intertidal Zone • Neritic Zone • Coral Reefs • Oceanic • Abyssal Zone * Can also be Pelagic or Benthic

  21. Terrestrial Biomes:named formajor physical or climatic features & for their predominant vegetation • Tropical Rainforest • Savanna

  22. Terrestrial Biomes: • Desert • Chaparral

  23. Terrestrial Biomes: • Temperate Grassland • Temperate Deciduous Forest

  24. Terrestrial Biomes: • Taiga/Coniferous Forest • Tundra

  25. Which of the following is an abiotic factor influencing the environment? • Birth rates • Numbers of species • Number of organisms • Soil composition

  26. During what time of year would you expect to have the largest influx of agricultural runoff into a lake? • Winter • Spring • Summer • Fall

  27. Which term fits the following definition: all of the different populations in a given area? • Organism • Population • Community • Ecosystem

  28. When you walk through the waves on the beach, what marine “zone” are you walking through? • Benthic • Pelagic • Intertidal • Tidal • Oceanic

  29. Which of the following abiotic factors has the greatest influence on the metabolic rates of plants & animals? • Water • Wind • Temperature • Rocks & soil • Disturbances

  30. Which of the following statements about light in aquatic environments is (are) correct? • Water selectively reflects & absorbs certain wavelengths of light. • Photosynthetic organisms that live in deep water probably use red light. • Light intensity is an important abiotic factor in limiting the distribution of photosynthetic organisms. • A and C only • A, B, & C are correct

  31. Where would photoperiod matter in terms of survival/reproduction? *Equator, forest here in the US, tundra? How is How is the euphotic zone different than abyssal zone? Is the environment the same throughout the depth of euphotic zone? Clutch size/seed crop size: number of individuals NOT the actual size of each individual/seed Can you describe what is going on? Why is it beneficial?

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