CELLS!

1. CELLS!

2. CELLS! PROKARYOTIC vs. EUKARYOTIC (prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes) Prokaryotes (bacteria)Eukaryotes • Simple organism ★Complex organism • Smaller ★Larger • Cytoplasm ★Cytoplasm • Cell Membrane ★Cell membrane • Cell Wall ★Cell Wall (plants, fungi • Circular DNA (“nucleoid region”) and some protists) • Some have flagella or pili ★Some have flagella or • No membrane-bound organelles cilia • Harvest light (photosynthesis, ★Have membrane-bound decompose/recycle dead organisms, organelles some cause disease, involved in important industrial processes

3. CELLS! PROKARYOTE vs. EUKAROTE Common Features

4. CELLS! PROKARYOTE vs. EUKAROTE Electron Micrograph http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/cell/nuc.htm

5. EUKARYOTES ★ Greek = “true nucleus” ★ Compartmentalized with organelles (membrane-bound structures) ★ Eukaryotic cells include: plant, animal, fungi, protist PLANT vs. ANIMAL

6. EUKARYOTES PLANT vs. ANIMAL Electron Micrograph

7. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES PLANTANIMAL ★Cell Wall★Centriole ★Chloroplast ★Cilia or Flagella ★Large central vacuole★ Many small vacuoles ★Cell/Plasma Membrane ★Cell/Plasma Membrane ★Cytoplasm/Cytosol ★Cytoplasm/Cytosol ★Mitochondria ★Mitochondria ★Ribosomes ★Ribosomes ★Nucleus ★Nucleus ★Nucleolus ★Nucleolus ★Nuclear Envelope/Membrane ★Nuclear Envelope/Membrane ★Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)★Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ★Smooth E.R. ★Smooth E.R. ★Lysosomes ★Lysosomes ★Golgi Body/Apparatus ★Golgi Body/Apparatus ★Cytoskeleton ★Cytoskeleton

8. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

9. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

10. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES THE NUCLEUS ★Latin = “kernel” or “nut” ★First described by Robert Brown (1831) ★Most eukaryotic cells contain one central nucleus ★Fungi have many nuclei ★Contains Nucleolus (where synthesis of ribosomal RNA takes place) ★ Nucleus protected by Nuclear Envelope/Membrane (which contains nuclear pores)

11. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES THE NUCLEUS http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/AnimalPhysiology/Anatomy/AnimalCellStructure/Nucleus/Nucleus.htm http://www.frontiers-in-genetics.org/en/pictures/nucleus_1.jpg

12. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ★Endoplasmic = “within the cytoplasm” ★Reticulum = Latin for “a little net” ★ ROUGH E.R.: Contain many ribosomes, which appear pebbly or “rough”, and are destined to be exported from the cell; synthesizes proteins. ★ SMOOTH E.R.: Relatively few or no ribosomes; may contain enzymes which can 1) carry out lipid synthesis (testes, intestine, and brain) or; 2) carry out detoxification of drugs (liver)

13. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/chsBS/kons/kons/eukaryotic%20cell/cytoplasm_and_its_associated_str_files/image002.jpg http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/rougher.htm

14. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES THE GOLGI BODY/APPARATUS ★ Flattened stacks of tubular membranes ★ Smooth, membranous structure located near the middle of the cell ★ Receives proteins and lipids from the E.R. ★ Abundant in glandular cells ★ Modifies and sorts proteins ★ Packages proteins into membrane-bound structures, called vesicles, to be sent to appropriate destinations ★ Similar to a post office

15. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES THE GOLGI BODY/APPARATUS http://www.bu.edu/histology/i/20303ooa.jpg http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/52/116252-004-9615DB80.jpg

16. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES THE LYSOSOME ★ Membrane-bounded digestive vesicles ★ Arise from the Golgi Apparatus ★ Contain degrading enzymes which break down old organelles ★ Enzymes also function to eliminate harmful or foreign cells through phagocytosis ★ Include microbodies (glyoxysome, peroxisome)

17. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES THE LYSOSOME http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/cell/lys/autophag.jpg http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/AnimalPhysiology/Anatomy/AnimalCellStructure/Lysosomes/lysosome.jpg

18. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES

19. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES THE MITOCHONDRION ★ Plural = Mitochondria ★ Peanut-shaped with outer membrane and highly folded inner membrane (cristae) ★ Have their own DNA (mitochondrial DNA or mDNA) important for oxidative metabolism ★ Transform energy for the cell; “powerhouse” of the cell ★ Similar to a battery, generator or power plant ★ Cells have many mitochondria (ex: liver cells have up to 2000!) ★ Each time the cell divides, a mitochondrion divides in two

20. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES MITOCHONDRIA http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/mito.gif

21. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES THE CHLOROPLAST ★ Greek: chloro = “green”; plasts = “form “ or “entitiy” ★ Commonly in plant cells ★ Contain pigment called chlorophyll (gives plants their green color) ★ Carry out photosynthesis ★ Typically contain one to several hundred ★ Contain two membranes; closed compartment of stacked membranes called grana which have disk-shaped structures called thylakoids ; surrounding thylakoid is a fluid matrix called stroma ★ Other DNA-containing organelles in plants = plastids (leicoplasts; amyloplasts)

22. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES CHLOROPLAST http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg http://virtualbiologytutor.co.uk/images/chloroplast.jpg

23. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES THE CENTRIOLES ★ Microtubule Assembly Centers ★ Composed of 9 triplets of microtubules ★ Microtubules = long, hollow cylinders which influence cell shape, move the chromosomes in cell division, and provide structure for flagella and cilia ★ Barrel-shaped organelles found in animals and most protists ★ Plants and fungi lack centrioles ★ Occur in pairs, usually at right angles

24. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES CENTRIOLES http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Plagiomnium_affine_laminazellen.jpeg http://images.protopage.com/view/721389/3ydo50yjpdnqy8ag4flqbd1un.jpg

25. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES THE CYTOSKELETON ★ Interior framework of the cell ★ Network of protein fibers that support the shape of the cell and anchor organelles to fixed locations ★ Stretches the plasma membrane like the poles on a circus tent! ★ Allows cells to alter rapidly alter shape

26. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES http://www.ibri.org/RRs/RR051/51cytoskeleton.gif CYTOSKELETON http://www.noble.org/press_release/plantbio/blancaflornasa/cytoskeleton.jpg http://migration.files.wordpress.com/2007/07/cytoskeleton02.jpg

27. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES FLAGELLA/CILIA ★ Made of microtubules • Aid the cell in locomotion or feeding • Motion is similar to that of oars in a rowboat • Flagella are longer projections that move with a whip-like motion • Cilia are shorter, numerous projections that look like hairs. • Some protists use a pseudopod(“false foot”) to crawl; similar to squeezing a water balloon at one end forces the balloon to bulge out at the other end.

28. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES http://www.ibri.org/RRs/RR051/51cytoskeleton.gif http://img.sparknotes.com/figures/2/2faaa24e75677b6732cd24bf35c357da/flagella.gif CILIAFLAGELLA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eukaryotic_cilium_diagram_pl.svg/120px-Eukaryotic_cilium_diagram_pl.svg.png http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/proceuc/c27x7x3flagella.jpg

29. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES CENTRAL VACUOLE ★ In Plant cells: • Large sac used to store mainly water and other materials (sugars, ions and pigments) • Helps to increase the surface-to-volume ratio by applying pressure to cell membrane. • In Animal cells: contain many small vacuoles for temporary storage

30. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES http://www.ibri.org/RRs/RR051/51cytoskeleton.gif Plant Cell CENTRAL VACUOLE http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/images/plantvacuolesfigure1.jpg http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/centralvacoule.bmp Animal Cell Animal Cell http://images.protopage.com/view/721661/d2fz30gplfcumntwhpv6jr25g.jpg Food vacuoles (fv12, fv13, fv14 and contractile vacuole (cv) http://www5.pbrc.hawaii.edu/allen/ch19/01h-vor710401-28.html

31. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES CELL WALL ★ In Plant and bacterial cells: • Composed of fibers made out of cellulose polysaccharide) • Cell walls in plants are thicker and stronger than those in bacteria (which are primarily made out of protein polysaccharide) • Made up of a primary and secondary wall • Also present in fungi and some protists

32. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES http://www.ibri.org/RRs/RR051/51cytoskeleton.gif CELL WALL http://www.learner.org/courses/essential/life/images/show2.leaf.jpg http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/media/cell_wall.gif

33. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES CYTOPLASM / CYTOSOL • Clear, gelatinous fluid that fills the interior of the cell excluding the nucleus • Contains sugars, amino acids and proteins that the cell uses to carry out its everyday activities

34. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES http://www.ibri.org/RRs/RR051/51cytoskeleton.gif CYTOPLASM / CYTOSOL http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/rjo0896l.jpg http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/art0063.jpg

35. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES RIBOSOMES • Sites of protein synthesis (where the cell produces proteins according to the directions of DNA) • Consist of two subunits (small and large) composed of rRNA and protein • The individual subunits are synthesized in the nucleolus and then move through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm, where they assemble.

36. EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES http://www.ibri.org/RRs/RR051/51cytoskeleton.gif RIBOSOMES http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCELL2.html#Ribosomes (Both images)

37. CELL ANALOGIES FACTORY

38. CELL ANALOGIES FACTORY

39. THE CELL THEORY Classical Theory: Matthius Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (1838) • All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of living things. • All cells come from pre-existing cells (through cell division). Modern Additions: 4. All cells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. 5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition. 6. All energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) of life occurs within cells.