Medical Ethics

1. Medical Ethics

2. Nazi Medical Experiments • Experiments on twins • Bone, muscle, nerve transplantation • Head injury experiments • Freezing experiments • Malaria experiments • Immunization experiments • Mustard gas experiments • Sulfonamide experiments • Sea water experiments • Sterilization experiments • Poison experiments • Incendiary bomb experiments • High altitude experiments

3. Medical Experimentation in Africa • Meningitis testing in Nigeria in 1990s • Pfizer tested Trovan, many deaths and severe disability • Forced sexual reassignment, South Africa - 1970s-80s • Apartheid army force homosexuals to have sexual reassignment • Sterilization experiments in Namibia – 1910s • Forced sterilization to avoid mixed-race offspring

4. Examples • Tuskegee Syphilis Study • Guatemala Study

5. Medical Ethics Policies • Belmont Report • Respect for persons • Beneficence • Justice • Nuremberg Code of Medical Ethics • Voluntary consent, experiment must be thought to be helpful, based on animal experimentation, avoid unnecessary suffering, a priori reasoning, risk must not exceed humanitarian importance of experiment, provide protection for subjects, conducted by qualified personnel, subject can withdraw at any time, scientist must end study if seems likely will result in harm