What is a Leader?

1. What is a Leader? Dr. Jim Jeffery Emeritus Dean & Professor Andrews University, School of Ed. jimjeff@andrews.edu

2. Leadership is NOT Management What’s The Difference? And how they are integrated into todays schools - colleges/universities?

3. Here’s an ad from The Times of London, 1912 • “Men Wanted for Hazardous Journey. • Small wages, Bitter Cold, Long Months of Complete Darkness • Constant Hunger, Safe Return Doubtful, Honor and Recognition in Case of Success.“ • Guess how many applied? • 5,000 applicants (including three women)

4. Why would 5,000 men (and 3 women) want to follow this man?

5. Sir Ernest Shackleton - Antarctic Explorer from 1905-1921 • He has been called "The greatest leader that ever came on God's earth, bar none," • He didn’t lead 100’s or 1000’s • He never led a group larger than 27, he failed to reach nearly every goal he ever set for himself professionally • And, until recently, he had been little remembered after his death

6. Shackleton’s motto was “The Journey is Everything” • 3 Lessons: • He ALWAYS lead by personal example. • Flexibility. He ALWAYS had an outstanding ability to define goals, then redefine them when the situation called for it. • He ALWAYS embraced a sense of optimism

7. Antarctica • Antarctica is an extraordinary place. Beautiful and bleak, at the same time. There’s complete silence, so you’re filled with a sense of total isolation. In the winter it is completely DARK • About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 kilometres (1.0 mi) thick. • The continent has about 70% of the world's fresh water. If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 metres (200 ft).

8. A Frozen Wasteland

9. A glacier meets the ocean near the Antarctic Peninsula.

10. Icebergs in the treacherous seas

11. So, let’s take a quick view back…. • In August 1914, Shackleton and his team set sail from London aboard the Endurance. • But in the treacherous waters of the Weddell Sea, their ship became trapped in the ice pack. • For 10 months they waited for the ice to break. It didn’t. Instead, it crushed the ship, leaving the men shipwrecked 1,200 miles from civilization.

12. The • Wreck • Of the • Endurance 12

13. STRANDED • Stranded on the ice, the men endured the worst conditions possible. Temperatures so cold, they could hear the water freeze. The cold was so severe it froze their clothes and their sleeping bags solid. • Their tents were so frail, they weren’t even waterproof. They suffered frostbite, even having to perform an operation to cut off one crew member’s toes.

14. Shackleton - after the Endurance sank

15. No Sunshine in the Winter • The winters were perpetually dark, • In the summer months the men awoke every morning in pools of cold water as the ice pan melted around them. • They existed on a daily diet of penguin – so long as they were able to catch them – which left them weak and malnourished.

16. A Dash to Escape…. • After camping on the ice for 5 months, the ice broke up. • Risking everything Shackleton made two open boat journeys. • A treacherous 800-mile ocean crossing to South Georgia Island -- is now considered one of the greatest boat journeys in history.

17. Hauling their lifeboat over the ice

18. The James Cairn lifeboat

19. 4 months on the cold seas • When the ice broke up beneath them, they were forced to take to their three small lifeboats (the largest was 22 ft) and survive on the sea – which they did for four months. • They ran into a frightening storm and had to fight for their lives for almost a week, close to death with 50ft waves crashing onto the boats.

20. Reaching Land…. • They finally reached the promised land of Elephant Island only to find it completely inhospitable. • The crew spent the next few months living under their two upturned lifeboats – eating penguins and seal blubber.

21. Finally - the Epic Voyage…. • Shackleton and two of his men set off in one of the patched-up lifeboats and sailed 800 miles over impossibly stormy seas in an attempt to reach a whaling station in South Georgia.

22. Would they ever see him again?

23. A dramatic ending…. • By some miracle they made it, only to find they still had to cross a mountain range before arriving at the station. Incredibly, they managed that, too. • Shackleton then returned to Elephant Island and rescued the rest of the crew. • Amazingly, every one of the 27 men had survived and were rescued.

24. A Nice Story, From Long Ago • So what is the point of your story Dr. Jeffery? • 4 Often Confusing Terms. Let’s Distinguish what they are. • Leadership • Management • Administration • Supervision

25. Terms are Different, but they areInterrelatedand Overlapping Administration Leadership Management Supervision

26. Administration Is: • A broader term than the others, but one that may encompass all of the others; • Sometimes used interchangeably with the others; • Commonly applied to people who ”run things,” e.g., “School Administrator, “nursing home administrator;” “software system administrator.”

27. Management Is: • Derived from “mano” (hand), implying a “hands-on” role; • Involves planning, directing, organizing, super-vising, controlling, communicating, evaluating, etc.; • Implies doing what it necessary to help the organization function effectively and efficiently; • Is about“coping with Complexity” • Doing the “right things.” (Bennis)

28. Supervision Is: • Actually one of the commonly-accepted functions of management; • From the Latin: “super” (“over”) and “videre” (“to see”), so the term, “overseer;” • Usually applied to persons at the mid-management level of the organization, e.g., nursing super- visor, production supervisor.

29. Leadership Is: • Derived from Old English, “laedan” (“to guide” or “cause to go with one,”); • Setting a direction and influencing others to follow it; • Is about coping with change (Kotter); • “Doing the right things” (Bennis).

30. Leadership • “People ask the difference between a leader and a boss? • The leader works in the open, and the boss in covert (a hidden figure) • “The leader leads, and the boss drives.” – President Theodore Roosevelt

31. What do schools need Most? Managers or Leaders? WDYT?

32. Managers or Leaders? • Which one is more important for the organization or a school? • Do you think organizations need both leaders and managers? • Is it possible for one person to fulfill both roles? • What are the qualities that make each the most effective? (Next)

33. 1. Managers Are Reactive, Leaders Are Proactive • Managers are given instructions. • If something doesn't go to plan, a good manager will react to the bad news (or good news) accordingly. • Displaying leadership is different. Strong leader anticipate changes and prepare in advance. steering your team to safety. • https://www.inc.com/bubba-page/6-polarizing-differences-between-managers-and-leaders.html

34. Reactive versus Proactive • Leaders who are proactive typically have a calm demeanor and roll with the punches. • They have confidence that their teams can overcome any challenge that may arise. • Teams under a Leader know there is a plan of action and contingencies in place for when things don't go as planned.

35. 2. Managers Have Employees, Leaders Have Followers • Typical managers have a group of five or 10. Their team is fixed. They'll react to situations, and the team will report to the manager. • However, if you become known as a leader, team members from across the school will come to you for help. • Being known as one who gets ideas and acts decisively is the way to become a natural leader.

36. Leaders Nurture Others….. • Leaders nurture. They do this by seeing who their employees can become with the right training and resources. • Leaders also create more leaders by creating key performance indicators instead of telling employees what to do. • Leaders also know that becoming a leader takes time, and they give their employees room to make mistakes and learn from them.

37. 3. Managers Manage Groups, Leaders Create Teams • Managers, manage their staffs. • Leaders form (create) a team that is running smoothly • All are unique cogs in a wheel that are vital to the running and promotion of the system as a whole. • This is a key change of attitude that will bring out the best in your team.

38. Helping….NOT Micro- managing • Teams work together. Leaders value each member of a team and our students can really see how it makes for a seamless unit. • A danger sometimes arises for a leader to become a Micro-manager • What does this MEAN?

39. Dangers of Becoming One • A micro manager, rather than telling an employee what task needs to be accomplished and by when, will watch the employee's actions closely and provide frequent criticism of the employee's work and processes. • No Leader or Manager would like to describe themselves as a Micro-manager. And yet…..

40. Questions to See if you’re a MM • DO you have a long list of pending approvals and decisions that await your signature? • DO you think there is always room for improvement in any document. • DO you insist that your employees copy or blind copy you on all emails you deem important. • DO you regularly work long days and weekends and rarely take a vacation

42. Sign Says: “The Buck Stops Here…. • DO you really do have a sign on your desk that says “The Buck Stops Here.” • Dr Jeffery…..That NOT Fair….I have to make sure that everytning is OK. • DO you think you are smarter than any of your employees and get frustrated with them because they just don’t get it.

43. But, Here’s the BIG ONE • You rarely have time for developing strategy, because you’re working so hard on day-to-day details. • Your boss and colleagues, pointed out your lack of strategic thinking in your last performance review.

44. 4. Managers Shift Responsibility, Leaders Take Responsibility • Managers delegate tasks. They also delegate blame. • We've all worked for that manager who wants to try out his new idea, • Yet when his own manager comes and asks what's going on….. suddenly the manager • has no knowledge of the scheme. If you want to be respected as a leader, this can never happen. Leaders take responsibility.

45. 5. Leaders Will Stand and Be Counted • A manager will keep their mouth shut, run everything smoothly, and then go home when the work is done. • A leader won't go home until all is OK • A leader is constantly trying to rework things both lower and higher in the hierarchy to make things work better.

46. 6. Leaders Will Do What Needs to Be Done • There will be times when it gets hard. Really hard. • Leaders might have to let someone go. • THERE ARE MANY OTHER EXAMPLES…. • You might have to tell the team it's time for a pay cut, or that longer hours are needed. • Strong leaders are ready to do what needs to be done.

47. Let’s Come Back to the Shackleton Story Voted as one of the Top Britons of ALL TIME In a poll to choose the top 100

48. Shackleton’s place… • In 2002, in a BBC poll conducted to determine the "100 Greatest Britons", Shackleton was ranked 11th . • Robert F. Scott, who had led a party of five which reached the South Pole on January 17, 1912 at one point had derisively called Shackleton an “invalid”. • But Scott was down in 54th place. WHY?

49. Authors…..Morrell and Capparel • In 2001, Morrell and Capparell presented Shackleton as a leadership model. • In their book Shackleton's Way: Leadership Lessons from the Great Antarctic Explorer. They wrote: "Shackleton resonates with executives in today's business world. • His people-centered approach to leadership can be a guide to anyone in a position of authority".

50. A Nice Story, Long Ago, What’s in it for us today? Just 3 points • Point #1 • Shackleton realized that the best way to get them to follow him was by personal example. • n doing so, he built a strong team of equals who were happy to put their trust in him. • During the long months stranded on the ice, Shackleton mixed easily with the crew and officers alike.