Chapter 36 the Cold War Begins

1. Chapter 36 the Cold War Begins

2. Post War Depression • High prices as price controls removed • Lots of strikes in 1946 4.6 million workers will strike at one time another – Steel, automobile, coal strikes • Caused by inflating prices and loss of high wages made during the war which caused more strikes • GM introduce the contract tied to cost of living • Republicans push through Taft Hartley Act 1947 • Outlawed the closed shop • Permitted employers to sue unions for broken contracts or damages • Established a federal mediation service • 80 day cooling off period in strikes involving national health or safety • Union leaders had to take a loyalty oath.

3. Demobilization • We bring our troops home with too much haste and create power vacuum which the Russians fill • No jobs for returning soldiers • GI bill of rights education benefits • Tremendous inflation when price controls are removed 33% in one year 1945-1946 • Scarce goods • Heavy savings

4. Long Economic Boom • War helped to rebuild the depression plagued economy • Huge military budgets especially in 1950 for the Korean War • Cheap Energy • American Productivity enhanced by the rising educational level 1970 – 90% of school aged children attend school • Shift of the workforce out of farming because of productivity gains

5. The Sunbelt • Post war movement -- an average of 30 million people change residence every year • Hard on families • Dr. Spock’s book “The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care” • Sunbelt from Virginia to Florida, Texas, Arizona, and California • Search of Jobs, climate, and lower taxes • Roosevelt had put a lot of defense money into the South • Left the “Rustbelt” the Ohio valley. • Every elected President since 1964 has come from the Sunbelt

6. Move to the Suburbs • FHA and VA loans made it more affordable to by your own home • Tax deductions on interest helps provide financial incentive • Government built highways gave people to live in the “burbs” and commute to the city for their jobs. • Levittown in New York Long Island • White flight

8. Baby Boom • Adds 50 million babies to the nations population by the end of the 50s • Strains many aspects of American life • Education • Healthcare • Social Security

9. Harry Truman • No college education • Fought in WWI • Judge • Senator from Missouri • Vice Pres under Roosevelt • Became a give them hell speaker • Hot tempered and half cocked sometimes • “The buck stops here” • “If you can’t stand the heat get out of the kitchen” • Like Grant he permits old friends to become part of his administration and is very loyal despite their dishonesty

10. Yalta Conference Feb. 1945 • Final conference of the big three (Roosevelt dies) • Final plans for smashing Germany discussed • Stalin agrees that Poland should have a representative government • Stalin soon to break that pledge • Bulgaria, Romania to have free elections (a promise also lost)

11. Yalta Continued • Multi-power conference to be held in San Francisco to Organize the United Nations • Most controversial decision concerned the Far East • Atomic bomb not yet tested • From Roosevelt’s stand point it was a good idea to have Russia enter the war in the Pacific to pin down Japanese troops in Manchuria and Korea • Stalin horse trades • Agreed to attack Japan within 2-3 months after Germany’s fall • Russia to receive southern half of the Sakhalin Island and Japan’s Kurile Islands • Joint control of the Railroads in Manchuria and special privileges at port Dairin and Arthur Russia enters the war at the last minute in order to claim its prize

12. Post War World

13. Soviet Sphere of influence created in Europe • International Monetary Fund created • To encourage world trade • Also founds the World Bank • US takes the lead in the formation of these in contrast to the end of WWI

14. The formation of the UN • Post war world organization was discussed at all major conference • 1945 invitations went out – one of Truman first acts was to accept the invite • April 25, 1945 the conference assembles in San Francisco • Took two months to write the charter but all 50 nations sign

15. UN organization • Provides a General Assembly where each nation has one vote • Largely to discuss problems • Security council • given the power to resolve international disputes • Consisted of five permanent members US, Britain, France, Russia, China and six elected members • Each major power given a veto to protect their vital interests • Other Aspects of the UN • Economic and social council 18 members chosen by General Assembly • World court of 15 judges • Secretaries, and trusteeship • Passed by congress

16. Berlin Airlift 1948 • Germany was to be partitioned but the German Republic was to be treated as an economic whole (decided at Potsdam) • Berlin had been partitioned into 4 sectors • No provisions for control of land routes • Russians use this when they become upset over controversies involving 4 power control in 1948 • Americans begin and around the clock airlift 4500 tons a day. Planes landing every 3 minutes for almost 1 year. • Russians back off – brings about 2 Germanys

18. Reconstruction • US could not afford to see the people of Europe fall to communism • Helped UN Relief and Rehabilitations Admin. • CARE encouraged private relief Corporation for American Remittance to Europe • Nuremberg war crimes trial • 22 leading Germans tried 19 convicted 12 sentenced to death 7given life • American (allied) policy was to help Germany – to keep them from the communist camp

19. Truman doctrine 1947 • Truman get tough policy • George F. Kennan -- Containment • Britain could no longer bear financial and military load of Greece and Turkey to keep them from communism • We fear the loss of the East Med. • Establishes the policy of containment • Congress appropriates 400 million in economic and military aid

20. Marshall Plan 1947-48 • Sec of state George Marshall • Encourage a European conference to work out plans of economic recovery • Conference held July 1947 in Paris • Plan of Marshall’s was to spend billions over 4 years in 16 coop. Countries 12.5 billion • Congress approves after a communist coup in Czech. • Within a few years most European countries were exceeding their pre war output • Communism lost ground in important countries like France and Italy

21. Dealing with the Soviet Menace • NATO signed on April 4, 1949 an attack on one member was as attack on all and the signatories would then take action they deemed necessary • 12 original signatories later 14 with Greece and Turkey added. • Congress enacts the first peace time draft • Soviets have the bomb in 1949– we begin the development of the H-Bomb.

22. Causes the US military to be unified under the national security act of 1947 • It creates the Dept. Of Defense-- cabinet official Sec. of Defense -- Forms the Joint Chief of Staff – army, navy, air force • National security council formed to advise the pres on security matters • The CIA formed to organize foreign fact finding • Voice of America authorize by congress in 1948

23. Point Four • American money and technological aid to go to foreign nations to prevent them from becoming communist • Launched in 1950 • Helped Latin American , Africa, Near East, Far East

24. Red Scare • Truman loyalty program 1947 • Attorney general drew up a list of 90 disloyal organizations • A loyalty review board investigates 3 mill. Fed. Employees -- 3000 resign or are dismissed • Individual states create loyalty oaths • The question could be asked: could freedom of speech exist in the face of international communism?

25. Fear Creates a Witch Hunt • Richard Nixon leads the red catching as a chairman of the House Committee on Un- American Activities – against Alger Hiss • Feb. 1950 McCarthy charges that there are scores of communist in the state department and begins a massive witch hunt • 1950 Truman vetoes the McCarran Internal Security Bill but congress passes the bill over the veto • authorizes the president to arrest or detain suspicious persons during an internal security emergency • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg convicted in 1951 of espionage and were electrocuted in 1953 – only people in American history to be executed in peace time for espionage .

26. Election of 1948 • Rep. nom. Dewey • Demos. nom. Truman – Southern demos revolt because of Truman’s stand on civil rights • Southern Demos. nom. Gov. Strom Thurmond • Progressives nom. Henry Wallace, Roosevelt’s former VP • Very liberal pro soviet • Democrat attempt to nominate Eisenhower fails when he refuses • Truman wins

27. Fair Deal • Sweeping program for unemployment, housing, higher ed., min. wage, went further than new deal • only a small portion achieved • Social Security broadened • Public housing progresses • Min. wage increases 40-75 cents

28. Korean War • Japan surrenders to Russia North of 38 degrees parallel in Korea • Both powers U.S. and Russia said they wanted a unified Korea • 1949 Both had pulled out but Russia had left North Korea heavily armed • June 25,1950 North Korea invades South Korea • Push South Korea to Pusan

30. Truman takes it to the U.N. • Russia absent because they protested the non-seating of communist China • U.N. orders assistance to South Korea • Gen. MacArthur was appointed U.N. commander • 16 nations • MacArthur lands at Inchon • Push to Yalu makes Chinese nervous – China attacks Nov. 1950

31. MacArthur wants to bomb bases in Manchuria • Truman says no • MacArthur takes it to the public • Truman fires MacArthur April 11,1951

32. War drags on for next 2 years • 1952 elections Demos. • Adlie Stevenson • Rep. Eisenhower Nixon V.P. • Eisenhower very popular, Nixon did most of campaigning labeling Democrats as soft communists • Eisenhower goes to Korea • Stalin dies, Soviet Union loses interest in continuing war • Armistice signed 1953 (July), 54,000 Americans died