Software Defined Radio, Interference Analysis, & Hearing Aid Compatibility

1. Software Defined Radio, Interference Analysis,&Hearing Aid Compatibility Convergence of HAC, Wireless and Intelligent Networks Stephen Berger TEM Consulting (512) 864-3365stephen.berger@ieee.org

2. Overview • What are: • Software Defined Radio • Policy Defined Radio • Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks • What is: • IEEE SCC41 • IEEE 1900.2 • What does this mean for HAC?

3. Software Defined Radio(draft – IEEE 1900.1)] A type of Radio in which some or all of the physical layer functions are Software Defined. Ant: Hardware Radio NOTE 1: Radios in which the communications functions are implemented in software are considered Hardware Radios for regulatory purposes if the regulated emission or reception parameters cannot be changed in the field, post manufacture, without physically modifying the device. However, a device having regulated parameters that can be changed without physical modification is considered a Software Defined Radio, even if such change requires specialized equipment or proprietary procedures. NOTE 2: This term represents an idealized abstraction that is useful in designating categories of radio devices (e.g., Hardware Radio, Software Defined Radio, and Cognitive Radio) to which certain regulatory provisions or functional capabilities may apply. The term is also useful in describing the general evolution in the software reconfigurability of radio devices with Hardware Radio not being software reconfigurable and Software Defined Radio being software reconfigurable. Software Defined Radios include software reconfigurable hardware such as microprocessors, digital signal processors, and field programmable gate arrays that are used with software to implement communications functions. The degree of software reconfigurability will depend on the radio implementation.

4. Software Defined Radio] U.S. Federal Communications Commission Definition [1]:A radio that includes a transmitter in which the operating parameters of frequency range, modulation type or maximum output power (either radiated or conducted), or the circumstances under which the transmitter operates in accordance with Commission rules, can be altered by making a change in software without making any changes to hardware components that affect the radio frequency emissions. ITU-R Definition (including the notes) [2][3]: A radio in which RF operating parameters including but not limited to frequency range, modulation type, or output power can be set or altered by software, or the technique by which this is achieved. NOTE 1 – Excludes changes to operating parameters which occur during the normal pre-installed and predetermined operation of a radio according to a system specification or standard. NOTE 2 – SDR is an implementation technique applicable to many radio technologies and standards. NOTE 3 – Within the mobile service, SDR techniques are applicable to both transmitters and receivers. [1] FCC Report and Order FCC 05-57, “Facilitating Opportunities for Flexible, Efficient, and Reliable Spectrum Use Employing Cognitive Radio Technologies,” ET Docket No. 03-108, March 11, 2005 [2] ITU-R Report M.2064, “Software-Defined Radio in the Land Mobile Service.” [3] ITU-R Report M.2063, “The Impact of Software Defined Radio on IMT-2000, the Future Development of IMT-2000 and Systems Beyond IMT-2000.”

5. Policy-Based Radio(draft – IEEE 1900.1)] A type of Radio in which the behavior of communications systems is governed by a Policy-Based Control Mechanism. Policy-Based Control Mechanism(draft – IEEE 1900.1)] A mechanism that governs radio behavior by sets of rules, expressed in a machine readable format, that are independent of the radio implementation regardless of whether the implementation is in hardware or software.

6. Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks(draft – IEEE 1900.1)] Wireless networks that employ dynamic spectrum access functionality. Dynamic Spectrum Access(draft – IEEE 1900.1)] The real-time adjustment of spectrum resource usage in response to changing circumstances and objectives. NOTE: Changing circumstances and objectives also include (and are not limited to) energy-conservation, changes of the radio’s state (operational mode, battery life, location, etc.), interference-avoidance (either suffered or inflicted), changes in environmental/external constraints (spectrum, propagation, operational policies, etc.), spectrum-usage efficiency targets, Quality of Service (QoS), graceful degradation guidelines and maximization of radio lifetime.

7. A Critical Issue • Increasing demand for spectrum • General movement from human as the end point to data to devices as the end point • Data load growing dramatically • Network increasingly important • Increasing pressure to find spectrum for new services • Spectrum management • Current “Command and Control” approach will not take us into the future • Bosnia took 500 people 9 months to plan spectrum! • Must have faster ways to coordinate multi-service operations • Must be able to shift spectrum use to reflect local needs • Mobile devices must respect host countries during transit • Dynamic Spectrum Access addresses these issues • Simulations show 80-100 X improved efficiency possible • DARPA XG project demonstrated 18 X improved efficiency

8. Dynamic, AdaptiveSpectrum Management All Spectrum May Be Assigned, But… Developing the Technology and System Concepts to Harvest and Utilize Available Spectrum …Most Spectrum Is Unused! Goal: Demonstrate Factor of 10 Increase in Spectrum Access

9. EVOLUTION OF THE “RADIO OPERATOR”… FROM MAN TO MICROCHIPS Dynamic Spectrum Access Manual Control of Spectrum Access NOW Wireless Internet Multi-band Wearable Wireless Spectrum Depenedent Devices 2025 1934 1980’s Network-centric Adaptive

10. DoD Evolution Toward Dynamic Spectrum Access SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIOS CONVENTIONAL LEGACY RADIOS Time EPLRS DMR JTRS/WNW XG Have Quick Cognitive Radio? NTDR SINCGARS SINCGARS ASIP JTRS/SRW Fully Adaptive Partially Adaptive Non-Adaptive • Self-managing, Capable of Dynamically Sensing and Using Any Available Channels • Capable of Negotiating Short-term Spectrum Leases • Spectrum “Etiquette” for Interference Avoidance • Flexible Waveforms & Data Rates Adapt to Available Spectrum, Interference and Threats • Multi-network / Protocol Capable: WAN, LAN, PAN • Self-forming / Healing Networking With Robust Routing • Multi-band, Multi-mode, Multi-Waveform • Dynamic Channel Monitoring and Selection - Fixed Assignments • Hybrid Wideband Waveforms and Frequency Hopping With Interference Mitigation • Variable High/low Data Rate to Match the Channel • Packet Network Radio - Packet Voice, Data, and Video • Specific Frequency Channel Assignments and Hop Sets • Single Operating Band • Fixed Modulation & Bandwidth • Limited Data Rates or Analog Voice Channels

12. Development of International Standards • In 2005 the IEEE 1900 effort was created by a cooperative agreement between: • IEEE Communications Society • IEEE ElectroMagnetic Compatibility Society • March 22, 2007 the IEEE approved the advancement as in independent standards sponsorIEEE Standards Coordinating Committee SCC 41 Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN) • April 20, 2007 is the inaugural meeting of SCC 41 • SCC 41 developing international standards for DySPAN for coordinated and dynamic use of spectrum by commercial, military, NASA and public safety.

13. IEEE 1900.2Recommended Practice for the Analysis of In-Band and Adjacent Band Interference and Coexistence between Radio SystemsScope and Purpose • Scope: This standard will provide technical guidelines for analyzing the potential for coexistence or in contrast interference between radio systems operating in the same frequency band or between different frequency bands. • Purpose: New concepts and technologies are rapidly emerging in the fields of spectrum management, policy defined radio, adaptive radio and software defined radio. A primary goal of these initiatives is to improve spectral efficiency. This standard will provide guidance for the analysis of coexistence and interference between various radio services.

14. 1900.2 Standard Outline (1 of 2) Introduction 1 Overview 2 References • Definitions • Key Concepts • Structure of analysis and report • Scenario definition • Criteria for interference • Variables • Analysis: modeling, simulation, measurement and testing • Conclusions and summary

15. 1900.2 Standard Outline (2 of 2) Annex A (informative) Propagation modeling Annex B (informative) Audio interference Annex C (informative) Spectrum utilization efficiency Annex D (informative) Sample analysis – selection of listen-before-talk threshold Annex D (informative) Sample analysis – selection of listen-before-talk threshold Annex F (informative) Sample analysis – Low-power radios operating in the TV band Annex G (informative) Sample analysis - RF test levels for ANSI C63.9 Annex H (normative) Glossary Annex I (informative) Bibliography

16. IEEE 1900.2Key Concepts • Interference and coexistence analysis • Measurement event • Interference event • Harmful interference • Physical and logical domains

17. IEEE 1900.2Structure of Analysis

18. IEEE 1900.2Analytical Process

19. IEEE 1900.2Scenario Definition

20. IEEE 1900.2Types of Interference

21. IEEE 1900.2Criteria for Interference

22. Widespread Graph xw % Users % Events Users Excessive Graph Measurement Events xe

23. Expected Interference Events (>Z% of devices on average over measurement sample) Aggregate In practice Widespread ExcessiveInterference Events (>X% of devices in population experience Excessive Interference) Excessive WidespreadInterference Events (>Y% of measurement sample experience Widespread Interference) Excessive Interference Events (>Y% of measurement sample for any one device) Widespread Interference Events (> X% of devices in population at one time) Observed Interference Event (Observed on 1 device in typical use) Single Receiver Conceivable Interference Event (Theoretically Possible)

24. Overview • Conceivable Interference Event • Observed Interference Event • Extended Interference • Widespread Interference • Widespread Excessive Interference • Probability of Interference