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The Magical, Mystical Rumen

The Magical, Mystical Rumen. Dr. L. E. Chase Dept. of Animal Science Cornell University. Objectives of Feeding Dairy Cattle. Balanced Total Ration and Good Feed Management Maximize dry matter intakes Optimize milk production Good health and reproduction PROFITABILITY!! Growth.

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The Magical, Mystical Rumen

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  1. The Magical, Mystical Rumen Dr. L. E. Chase Dept. of Animal Science Cornell University

  2. Objectives of Feeding Dairy Cattle • Balanced Total Ration and Good Feed Management • Maximize dry matter intakes • Optimize milk production • Good health and reproduction • PROFITABILITY!! • Growth

  3. Dairy Cattle Nutrition • What are we feeding? • A dairy cow? • Rumen bugs?

  4. Bug Managers Don’t think of it as feeding the cow, you are feeding the bacteria or “bugs” that live in the cow’s rumen. The bugs in the rumen take the nutrients in the feed and turn it into milk, milk fat & protein, growth, and to nourish their growing calf.

  5. The Rumen Environment • Anaerobic • Constant temperature = 39 C • pH = 6 to 6.6 • Buffered by saliva • 10-15 % dry matter • Constant mixing = motility

  6. Carbohydrates + Rumen bugs + Fiber fermentors Starch + sugar fermentors Nitrogen sources + Ammonia, peptides, and AA Anaerobic environment + Good environment to grow (pH, water, temperature) Volatile Fatty Acids + Acetate, propionate, butryate More rumen bugs + Microbial protein Methane (CH4) + CO2 + H2O + Heat Generalized equation for ruminal fermentation and metabolism =

  7. Rumen Bacteria • 109 - 1011 per gram • 0.3 - 50 um in size • 60-65% CP • 80% of CP is true protein

  8. Fiber digesting bacteria • Convert fiber to VFA’s (mainly acetate) - Cellulose, hemicellulose • Like a higher rumen pH (>6) • Require ammonia as a nitrogen source • Slow generation interval - 8 – 10 hours to double

  9. Sugar % Starch Digesting Bacteria • Convert sugars and starches to VFA’s - mainly propionate • Like a lower rumen pH (5.5 to 6) • Rapid generation interval - Can double in < 1 hour • Use ammonia, amino acids or peptides as nitrogen sources

  10. Rumen protozoa • 105 - 106 per gram • 20 - 200 um in size • May account for 50% of the total rumen microbial mass • Not well understood

  11. Cows & Rumens - A Symbiotic Relationship • Stage 1 - The cow provides housing & nutrients for microbial growth • Stage 2 - The host animal utilizes the rumen microorganisms passing to the intestines as a source of nutrients

  12. What Does the Cow Provide? • Low oxygen environment • Constant temperature (99 - 106 0 F) • Food for the bugs • Neutral environment • Garbage removal

  13. What Do the Bugs Provide? • Fiber digestion • High quality protein • VFA’s for energy and building blocks for milk synthesis • Synthesis of B vitamins • Amino acid balancing

  14. % of Protein Requirement from Microbial Protein

  15. Rumen CHO/Protein Balance • Good amino acid management begins with good CHO management in order to produce a high & consistent amount of AA from microbes Hoover

  16. What’s the Economics of Microbial Protein?

  17. Economics of Microbial Protein

  18. Economics of Microbial Protein

  19. Microbial Composition

  20. Absorbed Protein Urine Liver Milk Recycled Feed Crude Protein Urea Recycled Ammonia VFA Carbohydrates Manure ExcessProtein Microbes Escape Feed Protein Production & Maintenance Rumen Dr. M. B. Hall - Univ. of Florida

  21. Ration, Eating Rate & Saliva Production

  22. Forage Particle Size and Chewing - Corn Silage

  23. Particle Size - Case Study • 900 cow dairy • Things going well • Then a large number of fresh cow DA’s within 1-2 weeks • Feed company was called by the producer and asked what was wrong with the ration

  24. Corn Silage Particle Size

  25. “To Feed the Cow, You Need to First Feed the Bugs” • “Happy” Bugs = Milk, Health and Profit

  26. The Manure is Your Mirror What To Look For: 1. Corn Kernels 2. Grain 3. Long Pieces of Fiber 4. Consistency - shaving cream

  27. The Big Balancing Act... Environment Effective fiber Salivary buffers Ruminal mixing Rumen Fermentable Carbohydrates Acid production Stress Stall comfort standing vs lying Heat stress Over-crowding Diet consistency Dr. W. Stone - Cornell University

  28. Conclusion • Need a balanced ration of carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals, fiber & effective fiber for optimal rumen function, microbial growth=maximum VFA production • Milk yields • Good health • Milk components

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