Definition:

1. NOISE POLLUTION Definition: the unwanted, unpleasant or disagreeable sound that causes discomfort for all living beings. Unit: decibel is one tenth of the longest bell. Noise level: 35-60db normal,.>80db more,140db painful.

2. TYPES OF NOISE • INDUSTRIAL NOISE • TRANSPORT NOISE • NEIGHBOURHOOD NOISE

3. INDUSTRIAL NOISE • high noise pollution is caused by many machines • the source of noise pollution are from machines of factories, industries and mills • industrial noise from mechanical saws and drill is unbearable is a nuisance to public • institute of Oto-rino Laryngology, Chennai that enormously increasing the industrial pollution damaged the hearing of about 20% workers

4. TRANPORT NOISE • it includes road, rail traffic noise, aircraft noise • vehicles like motors, cars, buses, trucks, diesel engine vehicle have increased • this form of pollution gaining importance in large towns and cities • in metro Politian cities like Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta is as high as 90 db

5. NEGHBOURHOOD NOISE • it includes disturbance from houses and community • common noise makers musical instruments, TV, VCR, Radio, telephone, loud speaker

6. EFFECTS • it affects human health comfort and efficiency. • it causes high blood pressure, mental distress, heart attacks, birth defects • it changes the hormone content of the blood which in turn increases rate of heart beat contraction of blood vessels • it may cause damage to heart, brain, kidneys, liver. • hearing when exposed to very loud and sudden noise

7. EFFECTS • excessive noise also causes psychological and pathological disorders • ultrasonic sound affect the digestive, respiratory system • brain is also affected by loud noise of get and aero plan • blood is thickened

8. CONTROLS MEASURES OF NOISE POLLUTION • source control : such as acoustic treatment to machine surface, design changes, limiting the operational timings • construction of noise barrier or provision of sound absorbing materials along the path • planting trees around the houses • different types absorptive materials

9. PREVENTIVE MEASURES • it can be reduced by noise limits for vehicles • ban on honking of horns in certain areas • creation of silent zones near schools and hospitals

10. AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL dB

11. THERMAL POLLUTION Addition of undesirable heat to water that makes it harmful to life.

12. SOURCES (CAUSES) • Nuclear power plants • coal-fired power plants • Industrial effluents • Domestic sewage • Hydro-electric power

13. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS • Drainage from research institutes, nuclear experiments and explosion-heat and traces of toxic radio nuclides • Emissions from nuclear reactors • Heated effluents are discharged at 100C

14. COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS • condenser coils are cooled with water from nearby lake or river and discharging hot water to about 150C • Decrease dissolved oxygen

15. INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS • Industries like coal powered and nuclear powered plants require huge amounts of cooling water. • Textile, paper and pulp sugar • 100MW-8 TO 100C

16. DOMESTIC SEWAGE • Domestic sewage is discharged into rivers, lakes canals or streams • Decrease dissolved oxygen • release foul and offensive gases

17. HYDROELECTRIC POWER • Generation of power results in negative thermal loading in water systems • About 18% more heat is given to cooling waters in nuclear power plants

18. THERMAL POLLUTION INTO STREAMS BY HUMAN • Industries • Removal of stream side vegetation • Soil erosion caused by construction • Poor farming practices

19. EFFECTS OF THERMAL POLLUTION • Reduction in dissolved oxygen • Increase in toxicity: rise in temp increase toxicity of the poison present in water • Interference with biological activities • Interference with reproduction :nest building, hatching, migration and reproduction • Direct mortality • Food storage for fish

20. CONTROL MEASURES • Cooling towers: types • Wet cooling tower: hot water from condenser is allowed to spray over baffles • Dry cooling tower • Cooling ponds • Spray ponds • Artificial lakes

21. WET COOLING

22. COOLING PONDS

23. SPRAY PONDS

24. SPRAY PONDS

25. ARTIFICIAL LAKE

26. ARTIFICIAL LAKE

27. ARTIFICIAL LAKE

28. NUCLEAR HAZARDS • The radiation comes from UV, visible, cosmic rays, microwave radiation. • The hazards comes from X-rays account for 95% of out radiation exposure other than cosmic rays. • In US about 53 power plants were cancelled between 1980 and 1984 due to enormous radiation danger.

29. SOURCES OF NUCLEAR HAZARDS • Natural sources-space which emit cosmic rays. • Soil, rocks, air, water, food, radioactive radon-222 also contain one or more radioactive. • Man-made sources-nuclear power plants, X-rays, nuclear accidents, nuclear bombs, diagnostic kits.

30. EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR HAZARDS • Exposure of the brain and CNS to high doses of radiation causes delirium, convulsions, death within hours or days. • It forms cataracts and impairs eye sight. • Acute radiation sickness is marked by vomiting, bleeding of the gums, mouth cancer. • Internal bleeding and blood vessel damage show red spots on the skin. • Unborn children are vulnerable to brain damage or mental retardation affects CNS at early pregnancy.

31. CONTROL MEASURES FROM NUCLEAR HAZARDS • Nuclear devices should never be exploded in air. • In nuclear reactors, closed cycle coolant system with gaseous coolants may be used. • Containments may be employed to decrease the radioactive emissions. • Production of radioisotopes should be minimized. • Minimum number of nuclear installations should be commissioned.

32. CONTD CONTROL MEASURES • In nuclear and chemical industries, the use of radioisotopes carried under jet of soil or water instead powder or gaseous forms. • In nuclear mines wet drilling are employed. • Nuclear medicines and radiation therapy should be applied in minimum doses. • Use of high chimneys, ventilations at the working place where radiation is high.

33. MEDIUM LEVEL WASTES • Examples- filters, reactor components. • MLW are solidified and mixed with concrete in steel drums before being burried in deep mines or below the sea bed.

34. LOW LEVEL WASTES • Examples-solids or liquids contaminated with traces of radioactivity. • They are disposed off in steel drums in concrete lined trenches.

35. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT • Rapid population growth and urbanization led to enormous quantities of solid wastes. • An estimated 7.6 million tones of municipal waste is produced per day in developing countries. • Management of solid waste is become very important in order to minimize the adverse effects of solid wastes.

36. TYPES AND SOURCES OF SOLID WASTES • Urban or municipal wastes. • Industrial wastes. • Hazardous wastes.

37. SOURCES OF URBAN WASTES • Domestic wastes-food waste,cloth,waste paper,glass bottles,polythene bags. • Commercial wastes-waste paper,packing material,cans,bottle,polythene bags. • Construction wastes-wood,concrete,debris. • Biomedical wastes-anatomical wastes,infectious wastes.

38. TYPE & CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN WASTES • Biodegradable wastes- food, vegetables, tea leaves, egg shells, dry leaves. • Non biodegradable wastes-polythene bags, scrap metals, glass bottles.

39. SOURCE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES • NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS-it generates radioactive wastes. • THERMAL POWER PLANTS-fly ash. • CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES-hazardous,toxic chemicals. • OTHER INDUSTRIES-packing materials,rubbish,organic wastes,acids,alkalies,rubber,plastic,paper,glass,wood,oils,dyes.

40. HAZARDOUS WASTES • Sources-chemical manufacturing company,petroleum refineries,paper mills,smelters,radioactive substances.biological wastes.

41. TYPES& CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES • Toxic wastes-poisonous even in traces. • Acute toxicity-immediate effect on humans or animals causing death. • Chronic toxicity-they have long term effect difficult to determine.

42. REACTIVE WASTES • It react with air water heat & generate toxic gases. gun powder, nitro glycerine • Corrosive wastes-destroy materials, living tissues. Acids, bases • Radioactive wastes-persists in the atmosphere for thousands of years. • Infectious wastes-used bandages, human tissue from surgery, hypodermic needles. • Heavy metals-lead mercury, arsenic are toxic substances.

43. EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTES • Due to improper disposal of municipal solid wastes biodegradable materials undergo decomposition produces foul smell and breeds various types of insects. • Industrial solid wastes,metals affect the characteristics of soils. • Toxic substance may percolate into the ground water and contaminate. • Burning of cans, pesticides, plastics,batteries produce furans, dioxins,polychlorinated biphenyls are harmful to human beings.

44. PROCESS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT • It includes the waste generation,mode of collection,transportation,segregation of wastes and disposal techniques. • Steps involved in solid waste management-Reduce,Reuse and Recycle(3R) • Discarding wastes.

45. 1.REDUCE,REUSE AND RE CYCLE • Reduce the usage of raw materials. • Reuse of waste materials-the refillable containers which are discarded can be reused. • rubber rings can be made from discarded cycle tubes reduces waste generationdurung manufacture.

46. RECYCLING OF MATERIALS • Recycling is the reprocessing of the discarded materials into new useful products. • Examples-old aluminium cans,glass bottles. • It saves money energy,raw materials.

47. DISCARDING WASTES • For discarding solid wastes the following methods can be adopted. • Landfill • Incineration • Composting.

48. LANDFILL • Solid wastes are placed in sanitary land fill system in alternate layers. • Landfill structure is built either into the ground oron the ground into which the waste is dumped. • It involves spreading the solid waste on the ground,compacting it,covering it with soil.

49. ADVANTAGES • It is simple and economical. • Segregation not required. • Landfilled areas can be used for other purposes. • Natural sources are returned to soil and recycled.

50. DISADVANTAGES • A large area is required. • Transportation cost is heavy. • Bad odours if land fills are not properly managed. • It will be the sources of mosquitoes,flies.