Faculty of Education Additional Qualifications Summer 2009 Module 01 First Presentation André Samson Ph.D., c.o.

1. Faculty of Education Additional Qualifications Summer 2009 Module 01 First Presentation André Samson Ph.D., c.o.

2. Overview of the Presentation • History of Career Counselling 1.1Placement Services (1890-1919) 1.2 Educational Guidance (1920-1939) 1.3 Professional Training of Counsellors (1940-1959) 1.4 Organisational Development (1960-1979) 1.5 Counsellors as Independent Workers (1980-1989) 2. Globalization and Career Counselling 2.1 Knowledge Economy 2.2 Lifelong Career Counselling Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

3. 1. History of Career Counselling • Introduction The development of career counselling can be attributed to: • Economic Development • Transformation of the Workplace • Social Changes Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

4. 1. History of Career Counselling 1.1 Placement Services (1890-1919) This period in time is characterized by: • The industrialisation of North America • Urbanization • The birth of a new social class Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

5. 1. History of Career Counselling 1.1 Placement Services (1890-1919) Frank Parsons • Recognized as the «Father of Vocational Guidance» • Parsons is best known for his interests in helping individuals make occupational and career choices • Educated as an Engineer and a Lawyer • Established a placement agency for youth • Opened the «Vocations Bureau» in Boston • In 1909, he published «Choosing a Vocation» Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

6. 1. History of Career Counselling 1.1 Placement Services (1890-1919) Frank Parsons • Developed a framework to help individuals decide on a career • Pushed to create career counselling programs in schools • Introduced psychometric testing to the career counselling field • His theories continue to influence career counselling today “It is better to choose a vocation than merely to hunt a job” Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

7. 1. History of Career Counselling 1.1 Placement Services (1890-1919) Frank Parsons • Parsons’ career counselling principles are: Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

8. 1. History of Career Counselling 1.2 Educational Guidance (1920-1939) The context of the era: • Growing student population • Industrialisation requires a workforce that is better educated • Urbanization promotes individual development • The economy encourages and supports the creation of new occupations Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

9. 1. History of Career Counselling 1.2 Educational Guidance (1920-1939) Career Counselling: • Is developing in schools • The clientele is comprised exclusively of students • Emphasis is put on individual counselling • Testing is widely utilized • The goal is to promote employability • The focus is placed on the possibilities of the labour market • The priority is to answer to the growing demands of industry Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

10. 1. History of Career Counselling 1.3 Professional Training of Counsellors (1940-1959) The social context: • The end of World War II is driving social development • Millions of veterans are now joining the workforce • The workforce is becoming more and more complex • Graduate Studies are expanding Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

11. 1. History of Career Counselling 1.3 Professional Training of Counsellors (1940-1959) Evolution of the counselling profession: • Counsellor education programs can now be found in Universities • Creation of the first professional organizations • Publication of the first scientific journals • Social recognition of the role of a career counsellor Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

12. 1. History of Career Counselling 1.3 Professional Training of Counsellors (1940-1959) Emergence of a new paradigm: • The practice becomes less directive • A greater importance is granted to the individual • The counsellor acts as more of a facilitator • New theories of career choice emerge • Parsons’ theory is evolving Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

13. 1. History of Career Counselling 1.4 Organisational Development (1960-1979) Social context: • Emergence of the individual • Increasing need to develop as a person • The definition of work evolves • Work becomes a source of personal gratification • Work conditions are improving Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

14. 1. History of Career Counselling 1.4 Organisational Development (1960-1979) Practical Applications of the Profession: • Career counsellors can now be found working in organisations • Counselling expands to all age groups • Development of educational interventions Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

15. 1. History of Career Counselling 1.5 Counsellors as Independent Workers (1980-1989) Social context: • Influence of new technologies • First industrial restructuring • Major job losses • Exportation of goods and production • Creation of casual work Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

16. 1. History of Career Counselling 1.5 Counsellors as Independent Workers (1980-1989) Practical Applications of the Profession: • Beginning of career counselling in private practice • Development of post-modern approaches • Emergence of multicultural counselling • Conscious of ethical implications Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

17. 2. Globalization and Career Counselling Introduction Emergence of a global economy • The collapse of the tariff barriers to trade and the emergence of international economies have contributed to a global economy • Both public and private organisations are forced to develop and operate in a growing competitive context • This global competition has forced organisations to continually adapt and reinvent themselves • Furthermore, technological advances are also playing an important role in this global economy Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

18. 2. Globalization and Career Counselling 2.1 Knowledge Economy • Globalization and new technologies require a workforce that is: • Qualified • Flexible • Open to change • Able to adapt quickly Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

19. 2. Globalization and Career Counselling 2.1 Knowledge Economy • Globalization quickly devalues knowledge acquired in an educational setting • This is why the diploma becomes a minimal condition of entry to the workforce • It is no longer guaranteed to grant success • Employees must expect to change occupations several times throughout their careers • Companies are looking for a workforce that is mobile, autonomous and well qualified Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

20. 2. Globalization and Career Counselling 2.1 Knowledge Economy • They hire to fill a present need, which is often temporary • This explains the growing number of work status’ (seasonal, contract, part-time,...) • In conclusion, employees can no longer expect to work for the same company for a long period of time • Workers must be prepared to face several successive transitions and continue a lifelong learning process, in order to remain employable Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

21. 2. Globalization and Career Counselling 2.1 Knowledge Economy • Lifelong learning • Continual learning throughout your career • Development of qualifications • Acquisition of personal skills • Autonomy Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

22. 2. Globalization and Career Counselling « We are living in the future. I’ll tell you how I know. I read about it in the paper fifteen years ago.» John Prime Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

23. 2. Globalization and Career Counselling 2.2 Lifelong Career Counselling Career counsellors must encourage their clients: • To take charge of their careers • Define their own norms • Help the clients redefine their career plan based on their personal reality • This does not mean reorganising the client’s existence solely based on their remunerated work. • It is important for the client to also factor in other aspects of their life (family, leisure, volunteering, …) Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009

24. 2. Globalization and Career Counselling 2.2 Lifelong Career Counselling • The role of a career counsellor is not only to help the client function within a certain economy • The counsellor must primarily help the client define a lifelong career plan that is tailored to the individual’s realities • This new role stems from the fact that the new economy no longer provides one permanent stable career • Our society is no longer homogeneous • It is up to each individual to write and interpret their own life story Additional Qualifications – Summer 2009