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Nutrition and Optimum Health

Nutrition and Optimum Health. HEAL4002 Introduction to Health Knowledge Relates to Learning Outcomes 1 and 2 “Describe the concepts of health and wellness and holistic approaches to these concepts identifying health behaviours and factors influencing choice and change in health behaviour.”

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Nutrition and Optimum Health

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  1. Nutrition and Optimum Health HEAL4002 Introduction to Health Knowledge Relates to Learning Outcomes 1 and 2 “Describe the concepts of health and wellness and holistic approaches to these concepts identifying health behaviours and factors influencing choice and change in health behaviour.” “Identify the social, cultural, economic and cultural influences on health status, behaviour and development.” Course Descriptor Intro HK 4002 Sem 2 2011

  2. Learning Outcomes • Define key terms. • Briefly review the structures, mechanisms, and processes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. • Identify and explain why each major nutrient is necessary for nutrition and give examples of dietary sources for each one. • List factors that affect dietary patterns/nutritional status. • Describe clinical signs of altered nutrition. • Describe manifestations of altered nutrition/assessment.

  3. Key Terms • digestion • absorption • metabolism • excretion • BMI – body mass index • carbohydrates • proteins • vitamins • minerals • anorexia • anorexia nervosa • bulimia nervosa • bariatric • Dysphagia • mastication • fibre • peristalsis • segmentation

  4. Digestive System

  5. Swallowing and Choking

  6. The Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract Organs Mouth – anus Accessory mouth tongue pharynx salivary glands oesophagus teeth stomach liver small intestine pancreas large intestine gallbladder

  7. Digestive System - Functions • Digestion • Absorption • Metabolism • Excretion

  8. Digestion “process by which the body breaks down foods and either absorbs them or excretes them” Donatelle, 2011 pg 258) Mechanical: (physical movement) • Peristalsis • Segmentation Chemical Breakdown: • Enzymes • Other secretions • http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=1&debug=0

  9. Absorption Nutrients absorbed by: • Passive diffusion • Osmosis • Active transport

  10. Metabolism • Catabolic processes • Anabolic processes • Carbohydrate metabolsim • Fat metabolism • Protein metabolism

  11. Digestion and Absorption

  12. Nutrition

  13. Classification • Carbohydrates • Protein • Vitamins • Minerals • Fats • Water

  14. Carbohydrates • Simple • Complex Main function – to provide energy • Protein sparing action

  15. Proteins • Complete: • Incomplete • Complementary Main functions include: Growth , maintenance and repair of body tissues Forms muscles, skin and hair Maintains fluid balance, blood clotting Energy

  16. Lipids (or fats) • Component of all body cells • Ideally – about 20% of body weight Functions include: • Insulation • Protection • Energy

  17. Two Types of Lipids • Saturated fats e.g. dairy products. Not good for heart health. • Unsaturated fats e.g. nuts, avocados, olives. Good for heart health.

  18. Vitamins Fat soluble • Vitamin A • Vitamin D • Vitamin E • Vitamin K Water-soluble • B-complex vitamins • Vitamin C

  19. Minerals • Build body tissue • Regulates metabolism • Calcium • Iron • Sodium • Potassium • Iodine • Fluoride

  20. Water Necessary to maintain cell function Water constitutes 60% - 70% of total body weight Fluids = liquids, fresh fruit and vegetables

  21. Factors affecting nutritional status • income • educational level • nutrition knowledge • ability to read food labels • ability to access shops • physical functional level • food allergies and intolerances • dentition • problems with chewing and swallowing • loss of partner or significant other • religious and dietary practices

  22. Factors affecting nutrient absorption • alcohol consumption • decreased liver function • decreased renal function • decreased GI function • polypharmacy / chronic medications • cancer and cancer treatment • disease/pathological process

  23. Clinical signs of altered nutrition • lips • mouth, oral membranes • gums • tongue • teeth • eyes • neck (glands) • nails • legs, feet • skeleton • general appearance • weight • posture • nervous system control • GI function • cardiovascular function • general vitality • hair • skin (general) • face and neck

  24. Manifestations of Poor Nutrition • overweight • obesity • underweight • recent significant weight gain or loss • decreased energy • altered bowel patterns • altered skin, teeth, hair, and mucous membranes • impact on activities of daily living

  25. References • Crisp, J., & Taylor, C. (2009). Potter & Perry’s fundamentals of nursing. (3rd ed.). Chatswood: Elsevier. • Donatelle, R. J. (2009). Health: The basics. (8th ed.). San Fransisco: Pearson Education. • Harris, P., Nagy, S., & Vardaxis, N. (2006). Mosby’s dictionary of medicine, nursing & health professions. Marrickville: Elsevier. • Marieb, E. (2004). Human anatomy & physiology. (6th ed.). Pearson, Benjamin, Cummings: San Francisco. • Thompson.(2002). Mosby’s clinical nursing. (5th ed.). Mosby Inc. Retrieved March 1, 2010 from http://www.nursingconsult.com/das/book/89786589-2/view/1043/362.html/4-u1.0-B0-323-01195-0..50030-5--cesec113_7800?sid=682608581&SEQNO=2&bookft=true&bookftset=1&bbSearchType=single.

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