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Interaction between Earth Scientists and Engineers

Interaction between Earth Scientists and Engineers. What is Geothermal??. Geothermal is the heat in the earth which is released by conduction at an average heat flux of 60 mW/m 2. The Four prerequisites necessary to exploit geothermal energy are:

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Interaction between Earth Scientists and Engineers

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  1. Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  2. Interaction between Earth Scientists and Engineers Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  3. What is Geothermal?? • Geothermal is the heat in the earth which is released by conduction at an average heat flux of 60 mW/m2. • The Four prerequisites necessary to exploit geothermal energy are: • -A heat source- magma body or a hot rock at depth • -A heat carrier which is a liquid • -A Permeable or fractures rock acting as a reservoir • -A cap rock providing insulating cover Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  4. Convection cell in the Earth Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  5. Thermal Gradient and melting Amravati 19 Dec 2004

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  9. Geothermal Provinces-examples Amravati 19 Dec 2004

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  12. Country 1990 (MW installed) 1999 (MW installed) World Geothermal Energy Production USA 2775 2850 Philippines 891 1848 Italy 545 769 Indonesia 145 590 Japan 215 530 New Zealand 283 345 Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  13. I am Piero Ginori Conti and I invented the first Geothermal Plant in Larderello Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  14. Capturing “Geothermal” EnergyThe 1st System • In 1904 1st demonstration. Emerging steam powered a turbine to light • 5 light bulbs • World’s 1st Geothermal Power Station. 1911 in Tuscany, Italy • By 1913 a 250 kW power station had been built and was used to power the • Italian electric railway system. Today world production is 5 TWh, or 10%

  15. First modern power plant was also built in Larderello. It was destroyed in W war II but rebuilt, Even after 20 years it is still working Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  16. First GT plant in USA 1962, Geysers dry steam Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  17. Power can be produced from dry steam, flash steam and binary system Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  18. Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  19. Dry Steam Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  20. Flash Steam Power Plant Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  21. Binary Cycle Power Plant Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  22. Direct use • Swimming/bathing •  Balneology (therapeutic use) •  Space heating and cooling including district heating •  Agriculture (mainly greenhouse heating and dehydration of vegetables/fruits) • Aquaculture (mainly fish pond and raceway heating) •  Industrial processes, and heat pumps (for both heating and cooling) Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  23. The Lindal Diagram Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  24. Balneology Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  25. Greenhouse cultivation Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  26. Greenhouse cultivation Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  27. What can be cultivated? Greenhouse cultivation Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  28. DehydrationOnions, Garlic, Tomatos etc Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  29. Space heating-hot water circulation using plate exchangers Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  30. Space heating and snow melting Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  31. Typical heat exchanger Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  32. One can choose alternate energy from wind, photovolaitic, solar etc. but are not reliable Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  33. Status of Non-Conventional Energy Resources Estimated Power shortage > 43,000 MW Total potential of NCE Resources ~50,000 MW Installed Capacity (2.6%) ~ 1300 MW GEOTHERMAL IS NOT INCLUDED HERE !! What is the Power production Status of NCE? Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  34. Power Production Capacity of NCE • Renewable Power Potential Achieved • ------------------------------------------------------- • Wind Power 20,000 MW 1,000 MW • Small Hydro Power 10,000 MW 172 MW • Biomass 20,000 MW 141 MW • Solar photo voltaic Power 20 MW/sq.km 810 KW • Geothermal 10,000 MW NIL • IPPs are not aware of this potential and the country is not keen in developing this resource!! Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  35. Why NCE is not on the fast track? • Due to the availability of > 190 billion tones of recoverable coal reserves which is supporting coal based power projects and hampering NCE growth. • Now naphtha based power projects joined the band-wagon! • Though coal based power projects (CBP)are riding over NCE sources, problems associated with CBP are many….which are related to environment. • What are these problems?? Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  36. Problems with coal based projects • ASH • Ash content: ~ 45% • Annual production of coal ash: ~75 million tones • Projected production in the next decade 100 million tones • Utilization of fly ash: ~3 % • Maximum utilization of fly ash: ~5 % • If all the bricks in India are made of fly-ash, • only 5% of this 75 million tones will be put to use!! Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  37. Problems with coal based projects • Emission of gases in the next decade (WB) • CO2 1500 million tones • SO2 1900 kilo tones • Nx 1200 kilo tones • CO2 emission by India will exceed the total amount emitted by the entire Europe! • Thus coal based power is inexpensive (~< Rs.1) but expenditure spent to meet the consequences is high which automatically increases this one rupee to several rupees. Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  38. Problems with NCE sources • Problems with NCE are of different kind- • Solar Photo-voltaic: Cells are expensive • Hydro power: Lack of financial resources with SEBs • Wind power • Operational problems; matching demand and supply • wind velocities Let us examine the wind power in detail Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  39. Wind Power • Advantages: Free; Non-polluting ; Proven Technology Cuts Import fuel costs; Equipments availablecommercially • Disadvantages: Power supply intermittent; Needs back-up supply Fluctuates in voltage and power factor • Cost of wind power relative to other Sources?? Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  40. Cost comparison Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  41. Advantages of Geothermal Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  42. Geothermalplants can be set up any where:deserts, forests, lakes or crop fields Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  43. CO2 emission by geothermal and other sources Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  44. Installation of power plants Geothermal power plants are on line 97 % (Nuclear 65%; Coal 75%). Geothermal power plants are modular Can be installed in increments Can be transported to any site conveniently Construction time 6 months for plants up to 10 MW 2 years for clusters of plants totaling >250 MW Has a large positive impact on the environment Land requirement is small compared to other sources Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  45. Where are the sources in India? Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  46. Resource Temperature Province Surface o C Reservoir o C • West Coast 47-58 110-120 • Gujarat 47-89 150-180 • SONATA 47-98 120-200 • Himachal 60-99 > 250 • Andhra 47-50 > 150 • Karnataka 40-48 > 180 • Bihar • NE India (detailed work in progress) (Source: author’s data bank) Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  47. Direct utilization of geothermal energy in India Knowingly or unknowingly, some of the Indian geothermal sites are being utilized for direct application. A few examples are shown here from India. Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  48. Manikaran Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  49. Amravati 19 Dec 2004

  50. What are the techniques for geothermal exploration? • Surface manifestations • Geochemical • Geophysical • Exploratory Drill hole Amravati 19 Dec 2004

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