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Reflexes

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Reflexes

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    1. Reflexes

    2. What is a reflex? Invariable adaptive response to stimulation of sense organ,impulse of which is transmitted along the afferent fibres to a nerve centre ,to the efferent fibres,to the cells, muscles,organs.

    5. Grading of MSR Rapidity of contraction The amplitude of range of movement Duration of response

    6. 0-Absent + present ++ brisk +++ exagerrated ++++ clonus

    7. Commonly elicited reflexes

    8. MSR of Upper Extremities Biceps reflex(C5-C6) Triceps reflex(C6-C7) Supinator reflex(C5-C6) Finger flexion reflex(C6-T1)

    10. Knee Reflex(L2-L5)

    11. Ankle reflex(L5-S2)

    12. Clonus Rhythmic involuntary muscle contractions induced by sudden passive stretching of a muscle/tendon. Ankle clonus Patellar clonus

    13. Interpretation Hyperactive Decrease in reflex threshold Increase in speed of response Exaggeration of range of movement Prolongation of muscular contraction Propagation of reflex response

    14. Hypoactive Interference with the conduction /interupption Lesions of sensory nerves,posterior roots Affection of dorsal root ganglia(tabes dorsalis) Dysfunction of posterior column of spinal cord

    15. Superficial reflexes

    16. The abdominal reflexes The epigastric reflex Supraumbilical reflex Umbilical reflexes Infraumbilical reflexes Bechetrew’s hypogastric reflex

    17. Reflexes of lower extremities Cremastric reflex(L1-L2) Anal reflex(S3,4,5) Bulbocavernous Reflex(S3-S4) Plantar reflex(Babinski’s method) Other methods Chaddock’s sign,shaefer’s sign Gordan sign,oppenheim’s sign

    19. Reflex patterns Site of lesion MSR Superficial reflexes 1)Myoneural Normal Normal junction 2)Muscle decreased normal 3)Peripheral nerve decreased decreased-absent 3)Corticospinal hyperactive decreased to absent tract 4)EPS Normal normal –slightly increased 5)Cerebellum decreased Normal pendular 6)Psychogenic Normal Normal

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