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ISRO’S EXPERIENCES IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SHYAMAL MEHTA

ISRO’S EXPERIENCES IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SHYAMAL MEHTA. SATELLITE INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION EXPERIMENT (SITE) FIRST MAJOR EXPT. USING SATCOM FOR DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION - 1975-76 RURAL DEVELOPMENT ORIENTED PROGRAMMES : - 4 HOURS, DAILY

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ISRO’S EXPERIENCES IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SHYAMAL MEHTA

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  1. ISRO’S EXPERIENCES IN SATELLITE • COMMUNICATION • SHYAMAL MEHTA

  2. SATELLITE INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION EXPERIMENT (SITE) • FIRST MAJOR EXPT. USING SATCOM FOR DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION - 1975-76 • RURAL DEVELOPMENT ORIENTED PROGRAMMES : • - 4 HOURS, DAILY • DIRECT RECEPTION SETS (DRSs) : • - 2400 VILLAGES • - 6 STATES

  3. APPLICATIONS • BROADCAST OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT ORIENTED PROGRAMMES • PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ TRAINING – 40,000 TEACHERS TRAINED

  4. SITE IMPACT EVALUATION - MAJOR OBSERVATIONS • * IT IS POSSIBLE TO DEPLOY, OPERATE AND MAINTAIN COMMUNITY TV SETS AND DRS EVEN IN REMOTE AREAS OF A COUNTRY, AND THAT TOO WITH AN AVAILABILITY OF 80-90%. • * COMMUNITY VIEWING IS POSSIBLE, AND THAT AVERAGE AUDIENCE SIZES OF 80-100 CAN BE EXPECTED. • * INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMMES WERE PREFERRED, IN COMPARISON TO PURE ENTERTAINMENT PROGRAMMES. • * SUBSTANTIAL GAINS WERE POSSIBLE IN THE AREAS OF HEALTH, HYGIENE AND NUTRITION.

  5. * DESPITE CASE STUDIES OF INNOVATIONS ADOPTED IN AGRICULTURE AS A RESULT OF TV PROGRAMMES, A LARGE SCALE SURVEY DID NOT SHOW STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT GAINS. • * COMMUNITY ACCESS TO TV TENDS TO NARROW THE COMMUNICATIONS - EFFECT GAP. • * MOST OF THE TEACHERS FELT THAT THE TRAINING WAS USEFUL. • * THEY ALSO FOUND THAT TV RATHER THAN RADIO WAS PREFERRED FOR THE TRAINING.

  6. DISADVANTAGES OF BROADCAST FOR EDUCATIONAL & TRAINING • RECEIVER HAS NO OPPORTUNITY TO INTERACT OR ASK QUESTIONS TO CLARIFY DOUBTS. • IT IS EPHEMERAL. BROADCAST ONCE MISSED IS LOST.

  7. KHEDA COMMUNICATIONS PROJECT • OBJECTIVE – DEVELOPMENT & NOT PROGRAMME PRODUCTION - 1975 – 1989 • LIMITED REGIONAL REBROADCAST • LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER IN PIJ VILLAGE (KHEDA DISTT./GUJARAT) • LINKED TO A STUDIO & EARTH STATION COMPLEX • ALLOWED PROGRAMMES FROM STUDIO OR ANY OTHER PROGRAMMES RECEIVED AT EARTH STATION

  8. 600 COMMUNITY SETS INSTALLED IN VILLAGES • CONTENT GENERATION - ISRO’S RESPONSIBILITY – TOPICS : • - AGRICULTURE • - HEALTH • - ANIMAL HUSBANDRY • - UNTOUCHABILITY • - WOMEN’S STATUS • - CHILDREN’S PROGRAMMES • REGULAR FEEDBACK & IMPROVEMENT

  9. KHEDA PROJECT IMPACT • SIGNIFICANT DIFFRENCES IN AWARENESS IN TV AND NON-TV VILLAGES PERTAINING TO : • - HEALTH • - DISEASES – SYMPTOMS, PREVENTION • - AGRIICULTURE : • - SOIL TESTING • - SOIL IMPROVEMENT MEASUREMENT • - PRECAUTIONS IN BUYING HYBRID SEEDS • - PROPER USE OF FERTILIZERS

  10. - PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES • - SOURCE FOR AGRICULTURAL CREDIT • - MINIMUM WAGE STRUCTURES • - COOPERATIVE FARMING

  11. TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION CHANNEL(TDCC) • EXPERIMENT & DEMONSTRATION OF INTERACTIVE TRAINING & EDUCATION - 1995 • BROADCAST NOT THE OBJECTIVE • ONE WAY VIDEO & TWO WAY AUDIO • AUDIO FROM RECEPIENT VIA TELEPHONE LINE • HUB ON RECEIVING RECEPIENT’S AUDIO : • - RETRANSMITS IT ON SATELLITE CHANNEL • - ALL IN THE NETWORK CAN LISTEN TO THE • INTERACTION

  12. 500 DRSs EXPECTED TO GROW TO ABOUT 1500 – 2000 • TEACHING END AT SAC, AHMEDABAD & IGNOU, NEW DELHI, GANDHINAGAR, BHOPAL, MYSORE • NEW USERS - HP, ORISSA • INTEREST SHOWN BY NER STATES, SIKKIM, WEST BENGAL AND OTHER STATES • TEACHING END • - CONSISTS OF SMALL STUDIO & EARTH STATION • - ORIGINATES PROGRAMMES EITHER : • - LIVE LECTURES OR • - PRE RECORDED VIDEO PROGRAMMES OR • - MIX OF BOTH

  13. MAJOR AREAS OF APPLICATION • DISTANCE EDUCATION - IGNOU, AIMA FOR DEGREE & DIPLOMA COURSES • RURAL DEVELOPMENT- • - NGOs FOR CONDUCTIING TRAINING PROGRAMMES IN • HEALTHCARE • - PANCHAYATI RAJ • - WATERSHED MANAGEMENT FOR RURAL AUDIENCES • - TRAINING OF RURAL WOMEN UNDER DEVELOPMENT • OF WOMEN & CHILD IN RURAL AREAS (DWACRA) • - PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS & INTEGRATED CHILD • DEVELOPMENT SCHEME (ICDS) • INDUTRIAL TRAINING- MULTI LOCATION ORGANIZATIONS LIKE - SBI, NPC

  14. ADVANTAGES OF TDCC • * TRAINING SIMULTANEOUSLY IN THE SHORTEST TIME A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO ARE GEOGRAPHICALLY DISPERSED. • * MULTIPLIER EFFECT BY TRAINING OF TRAINERS. • * UNIFORMITY OF THE TRAINING CONTENT. • * ACCESS TO THE BEST AVAILABLE LEARNING RESOURCES, • * REPEATABILITY OF TRAINING COURSES & EDUCATIONAL PACKAGES, EASY UPDATING AND DISSEMINATION.

  15. * CAPABILITY TO SHARE THE SAME NETWORK BY DIFFERENT USER GROUPS. • * SPECIFIC TOPICS FOR SPECIFIC LOCATIONS FOR SPECIFIC GROUPS ALSO POSSIBLE. • * SIGNIFICANT SAVINGS IN EXPENDITURE DUE TO ECONOMIES IN TRAVEL, LOGISTICS AND REPLICATION OF TEACHING INFRASTRUCTURE. • * IT CAN EFFECTIVELY SUPPLEMENT CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM OF TRAINING & IN SOME CASES CAN ITSELF BECOME THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE TRAINING SYSTEM.

  16. TEACHERS' TRAINING • - 7 PROGRAMMES OF ABOUT 2 DAYS EACH. TOTAL OF • MORE THAN 6900 PARTICIPANTS ATTENDED. • - AREAS COVERED INCLUDED SCIENCE TEACHING, DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHING-LEARNING MATERIALS, EDUCATIONAL COORDINATION, GEOGRAPHY TEACHING, ETC. • - ON AN AVERAGE 100 QUESTIONS WERE ANSWERED IN EACH PROGRAM. • - TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS, PRE-POST ACHIEVEMENT TESTS CONDUCTED AND OBSERVATION & OPINION SCHEDULES ADMINISTERED.

  17. 82 % PARTICIPANTS FOUND THIS METHOD BETTER THAN THE TRADITIONAL METHOD OF TRAINING. • THIS MODE OF TRAINING FOR OTHER AREAS SUGGESTED • - ACHIEVEMENT TESTS INDICATED SIGNIFICANT GAIN IN KNOWLEDGE IN FIVE OUT OF THE NINE THEMES COVERED. • LISTENING TO QUESTIONS OF FELLOW COLLEAGUES OF OTHER CENTRES AND ANSWERS WAS A THRILLING EXPERIENCE FOR MOST OF THE PARTICIPANTS. • - PARTICIPANTS FOUND THE PROGRAMME MORE INTERACTIVE, INTERESTING & EFFECTIVE COMPARED TO TRADITIONAL MODE. SUGGESTED EXTENDING IT TO OTHER SUBJECTS

  18. IN THE TRAINING PROGRAMME OF MP : • - OVER 1800 PARTICIPANTS • - AN AVERAGE 100 QUESTIONS RECEIVED DAILY ON TELEPHONE • - A TOTAL 2000 QUESTIONS WERE RECEIVED ON FAX IN 3 DAYS. • IN GOA, FOR A 10-DAY PROGRAMME : • - ATTENDANCE WAS 45 TO 150 PER RECEIVE CENTRE • - 10 TO 25 QUESTIONS PER SESSION.

  19. JHABUA DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATIONS PROJECT • (JDCP) • COMBINES SATELLITE BROADCASTING & INTERACTIVE TRAINING – 1996 ONWARDS • TARGET AREA – • - JHABUA DISTRICT • - ONE OF THE MOST BACKWARD AREAS IN INDIA • - 85 % TRIBAL POPULATION • - 14% LITERACY • APPLICATIONS – • - EDUCATION • - HEALTH • - AGRICULTURE • - PANCHAYATI RAJ • - FORESTRY

  20. PHASE – I • - 150 VILLAGES - DRS • - 12 BLOCKS – TALK BACK TERMINALS • PHASE – II • - 200 DRS & 7 TALK BACK TERMINALS EACH IN ADJOINING DHAR & BIDWANI DISTRICTS • BROADCAST OF DEVELOPMENT ORIENTED PROGRAMMES • TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR : • - VILLAGE/BLOCK LEVEL FUNCTIONARIES LIKE : • - TEACHERS • - ANGANWADI WORKERS • - JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES • - PANCHAYATI KARMIS

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