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Biological Level Of Analysis

Biological Level Of Analysis. How does or physiology and genetics effect our behavior?. Development of Biological Perspective. 370 BC….Hippocrates and his 4 Humors. Two things really catapulted us to think that biology effected behavior…. 1848 Phineas Gage. 1859

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Biological Level Of Analysis

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  1. Biological Level Of Analysis How does or physiology and genetics effect our behavior?

  2. Development of Biological Perspective • 370 BC….Hippocrates and his 4 Humors

  3. Two things really catapulted us to think that biology effected behavior… 1848 Phineas Gage 1859 Charles Darwin wrote “On the Origin of Species” Idea that all species developed over time with the idea that “behavior is adaptive”.

  4. Principles of BLA Outline the principles that define the biological level of analysisand how they are demonstrated in research • emotions and behavior are products of anatomy and physiology and endocrine systems • patterns of behavior can be inherited • animal research can help us understand behavior

  5. Emotions and behavior are products of anatomy and physiology and endocrine systems Links have been found between psychological events and physiological activities in 3 main areas • The effect of neurotransmitters • The effect of hormones • The effect of brain localization

  6. Research Example Oxytocin

  7. Oxytocin • Hormone produced by pituitary gland. • Produced by all mammals but linked more to woman. • Called the “love hormone” in the media but should maybe be called the “morality hormone”

  8. Oxytocin • Holt discovered in 2008 that physical contact increased oxytocin levels. • Morhenn et al. (2008) • Adam Smith “A Theory of Moral Sentiments” • The Pigeon Drop Con

  9. 2. Patterns of behavior can be inherited Based on work of Darwin • Genetics • Evolutionary Psychology Traits are passed on from generation to generation. Especially those that help ensure our survival.

  10. Research Example Homosexuality

  11. Homosexuality Bailey and Pillard (1991) • Studying the rates of homosexuality between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. But is homosexuality adaptive? Zietsch et al. (2008) • 4904 identical twins

  12. 3. Animal research may inform our understanding of behavior • Based on Darwin’s idea of evolution we share a common ancestry with animals. • So in some ways we are fundamentally the same. • Examples…..

  13. Critical Periods • the optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development. Imprinting • The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

  14. Harry Harlow and his Monkeys • Discovered that monkeys preferred the soft body contact of a cloth mother, over the nourishment of a hard/wirily mother.

  15. Rats and an enriched environment • Rats raised for a period of time in an impoverished versus an enriched environment. • What does this mean for us?

  16. Biological research methods and ethics Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the biological level of analysis.Discuss ethical considerations related to research methods in the BLA. Laboratory Experiments Case Studies Correlational Studies

  17. Laboratory Experiments • Trying to show cause and effect relationships. • Often times these types of experiments can be unethical using humans…why? • Humans are also more prone to the placebo effect. • Thus we more often use animals.

  18. Case Studies • Instead of causing change in a human….we take advantage of a naturally occurring irregularity. • No harm done because we are describing what has already happened. • Maybe a threat to anonymity.

  19. Correlational Studies • No real manipulation of variables so does not really show what? • The most common type of studies done today. • Twin research • Brain imaging research.

  20. Physiology and behavior: Localization of function Explain one study related to localization of function in the brain. Examine one interaction between cognition and physiology in terms of behavior (Evaluate two relevant studies).

  21. Early investigation of localization of function • Phrenology

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