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case presentation

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case presentation

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    1. Ascending thoracic aneurysm repair with CPB and circulatory arrest (case presentation) Darko J. Vodopich MD Antonio Cooper MD MetroHealth Medical Center - CWRU Department of Anesthesiology

    2. History CC: 81 y.o. white male coming to ED after found in the bathroom. + LOC, no amnesia. Responsive on arrival. C/o stroke like symptoms: headache, confusion, left sided weakness, unable to turn the head to the left side

    3. History cont.: Allergy: Ciprofloxacin, Levaquin PMHx: HTN well controlled on Lisinopril and HCTZ Type 2 DM well controlled by diet/exercise Prostate cancer (on Megestrol) Occasional CP (no AMI in the past) COPD PVD

    4. History cont.: PSHx: Inguinal hernia repair Umbilical hernia repair Past Anesthesia Hx: GA No complications with GA

    5. Physical: HEENT: PEERL, EOMI MP class 1, TMD 5 cm, Mouth opening 4 FB, good neck mobility, own dentition in a good shape Cor: RRR, S1S2, no murmurs, no thrill, tones silent, distant on auscultation Pulmo: decreased sounds bilaterally, no crackles or wheezing Extremities: no gross abnormalities, left sided weakness Neurological: AOx3, left sided focal signs ASA 5, Case type: Emergency

    6. Laboratory and studies report: CBC: WBC=8.4, Hb=11, Hct=35, Plt=207 Na=128, K=3.6, HCO3-=19, Cl=98, BUN=11, Creat=0.6, Glu=131 Pt=12.0, PTINR=1.02, PTT=42.9 ECG: NSR~100 BPM, nonspecific S-T changes, no signs of acute ischaemia ECHO: 19 July 2002: EF 74%, no ischaemic changes Adenosine myocardial perfusion test: 19 July 2002: NSR, left axis anterior hemiblock, mild S-T changes. No evidence of ischaemia. Normal test.

    7. Ultrasound done in Oberlin hospital:

    8. Ultrasound done in Oberlin hospital:

    9. Chronology: Pt taken to OR 15. Difficulty cross matching the blood Anesthesia start time @ 20:28 with a-line and 2 large bore 16 G i.v. lines in place Smooth i.v. induction: Fentanyl 100+150+200+250 mcg; Midazolam 5mg, Vecuronium 10 mg. Easy ventilation and intubation; ET 8, Grade 1 view, atraumatic, secured @ 23 cm. Left IJ 9 F introducer placed, PAC introduced, good waves and wedge detected, secured @ 54 cm. Patient tolerated procedure well. No complications. Initial CI=2.4, SVO2=75%, CVP=14, PAP=24/14 mmHg

    10. Intraoperative facts: Maintenance of anesthesia before bypass: Isoflurane 1.0%, O2 = 2L, Air = 2L. Fentanyl: 0.05 mcg/kg/min Vecuronium: 3mg/h Other drips: Amicar Sodium nitroprusside NTG Neosynephrine BIS: ~ mid 40s BP titrated to a mean of 80s ABG @ the beginning surgery: pH=7.43, CO2=31.8, O2=207, HCO3=21.1, BE=-2.0, HCT=30, Na=123, K=3.4, Glu=160

    11. Intraoperative during bypass: 1st time 2nd time 3rd time On pump 22:12 00:05 02:40 Off pump 22:56 01:48 04:05 Circulatory arrest @ 22:35 = BIS 00 Temperature during arrest: 18 C MAP 15-20s during circulatory arrest ABG on the pump: pH=7.40, CO2=35, O2=336, HCO3=22, BE=-2.1, HCT=22, Na=123, K=3.8, Glu=167

    12. Intraoperative events:

    13. Intraoperative events (2):

    14. Intraoperative facts: Total surgery time 20:28-05:02= 514 min Total bypass time: 44min+103min +85 min= 232 min Total circulatory arrest time = 27 minutes EBL ~ 2000 ml PRBCs= 6 units Platelets = 6 packs Fluids: 2200 ml Urinary output = 120 ml (hemolyzed) Blood clot removed from right atrium Patient expired 05:30 AM CAA identified in the blood

    15. Cold agglutinins antibody (CAA)

    16. Cold agglutinins antibody - CAA: Common but usually unimportant - in serum of almost all healthy patients AHA caused WAB = 1:85.000; caused CAA = 1:300,000 Female/male = 1.5/1.0 Associated with: Infectious mononucleosis (60%) Lymphoreticular neoplasms Mycoplasma pnuemoniae IgM autoantibodies against RBC I-antigen

    17. Cold agglutinins antibody - CAA: Thermal amplitude - blood temperature below CAA react Higher thermal amplitude = more malignant CAA (35 Co) Routine screen by blood banks for CAA @ 37Co Significance of CAA is determined by: Agglutination of RBC in 20 Co saline Agglutination of RBC in 30 Co albumin If tests are negative significant hemolysis is unlikely (Leach AB, Van Hasselt GL, Edwards JC:Cold agglutinins and deep hypothermia. Anesthesia 38:140;1983)

    18. CAA - physical exam and distribution: PE: may reveal nothing unusual pallor only, unless the patient is observed during or shortly after cold exposure. purplish discoloration of the ears, forehead, tip of the nose, and digits may then be observed. Distribution is provided by a study of 78 patients with persistent cold agglutinins: 31 lymphoma (40%), 24 chronic, idiopathic CAD (31%) 13 Waldenstrm syndrome (16%) 6 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) (8%) (Crisp, 1982)

    19. CAA - Ddx: DDX: Cryoglobulinemia Warm AIHA (Warm antibodymediated autoimmune hemolytic anemia ) Neoplasms Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis syndrome (HITTS) Drug-induced hemolytic anemia Infections

    20. Management of CAA and CPB:. Depends on : 1.titers, 2.thermal amplitude 1) During the bypass RBC agglutination can be determined by mixing the blood with cold cardioplegia 2) Dilute the blood sample to simulate the dilution with CPB and cool it down. (may not have the reaction) Many institutions avoid hypothermic CPB if CAA present Cold cardioplegia may produce agglutination in small heart blood vessels If hypothermia required despite CAA preoperative plasmapheresis to reduce titers limit hypothermia to temperature exceeding thermal amplitude use standard hemodilution techniques

    21. Cold cardioplegia with normothermic bypass and no plasmapheresis normothermic CPB cardioplegia 37 Co to washout CAA 4 C cold cardioplegia Malignant cold CAA Consider total washout technique - exchange patients blood with donors blood Heat all anesthetic gases, IV Fluids, blood, and plasma Keep room warm Use washed RBCs Management of CAA and CPB:.

    22. Thanks for the attention

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