1 / 33

Chapter 2 types, variables, methods Pages 34-43 Horstmann

Chapter 2 types, variables, methods Pages 34-43 Horstmann. Types and Variables. Every value has a type Variable declaration examples: Variables Store values Can be used in place of the objects they store.

johana
Download Presentation

Chapter 2 types, variables, methods Pages 34-43 Horstmann

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 2types, variables, methodsPages 34-43 Horstmann

  2. Types and Variables • Every value has a type • Variable declaration examples: • Variables • Store values • Can be used in place of the objects they store String greeting = "Hello, World!";PrintStream printer = System.out;int luckyNumber = 13; int diameter = 20; Ball A; ‘out’ is a variable in the System class, that holds inside it an object from the PrintStream class. Objects in PrintStream class contain methods print and println .

  3. Variables Variables are like shaped boxes…. Integer numbers go in integer-shaped variables (labelled int) Real numbers go in real-number shaped ones (float, double) Strings (“hello”) can go in string-shaped variables (String) Variables must be set up ("declared") before use Each variable is of a certain datatype (int, float, double, String) and each variable has a name (an identifier).

  4. Declaring variables……. <datatype> <variable name>; int x; // a box called x that will hold an integer double radius; /* a box called radius that will hold a floating point no. */ char ch; // ch can hold a single character String myName; // myName holds a string of characters Int, double, float, char all begin with a lower case letter. String begins with a capital letter.

  5. Identifiers • Identifier: name of a variable, method, or class • Rules for identifiers in Java: • Can be made up of letters, digits, and the underscore (_) character • Cannot start with a digit • Cannot use other symbols such as ? or % • Spaces are not permitted inside identifiers • You cannot use reserved words • They are case sensitive Continued…

  6. Identifiers • By convention, variable names start with a lowercase letter • By convention, class names start with an uppercase letter

  7. Self Check • What is the type of the values 0 and "0"? • Which of the following are legal identifiers? • Define a variable to hold your name. Greeting1gvoid101dalmatiansHello, World<greeting>

  8. Answers • intand String • Only the first two are legal identifiers String myName = "John Q. Public";

  9. The Assignment Operator • Assignment operator is = • Not used as a statement about equality • Used to change the value of a variableint luckyNumber = 13; luckyNumber = 12; Figure 1:Assigning a New Value to a Variable

  10. Uninitialized Variables • Error: int luckyNumber;System.out.println(luckyNumber);   // ERROR - uninitialized variable Figure 2:An Uninitialized Object Variable

  11. Shortcut: declare and initialize Initialization: giving a variable a value for the first time We can declare and initialize in the same line (good practice!) int x = 20; double d = 3.14; String myName = “Fintan”; Variables must be declared before usage! myName = “Fintan”; String myName; // NOPE!

  12. Self Check • Is 12 = 12 a valid expression in the Java language? • How do you change the value of the greeting variable to "Hello, Nina!"?

  13. Answers • No, the left-hand side of the = operator must be a variable • Note thatis not the right answer–that statement defines a new variable called greeting greeting = "Hello, Nina!"; String greeting = "Hello, Nina!";

  14. Objects and Classes • Object: entity that you can manipulate in your programs (by calling methods) • Each object belongs to a class. For example, System.out belongs to the class PrintStream We can look up the System class in the Java API at http://java.sun.com/ (click on “api specifications”) To find out what it contains. Figure 3:Representation of the System.out object

  15. Methods • Method: Sequence of instructions that accesses the data of an object • You manipulate objects by calling its methods • Class: Set of objects with the same behavior • Class determines legal methods Objects in the Ball class have methods Move() HitsFloor() Bounce() Continued…

  16. Methods • Public Interface: Specifies what you can do with the objects of a class • If a method in an object is declared ‘public’, we can use that method for that object. • If a method is declared ‘private’, we cannot use that method. Ball class methods were declared public, so they could be used by the BouncingBallApplet class for animation.

  17. Representation of Two String Objects We can look up the String class in the Java API at http://java.sun.com/ ( “api specifications”) To see what it contains. Figure 4:A Representation of Two String Objects Strings objects are members of the class String. They have various different useful methods.

  18. String Methods • length: counts the number of characters in a string String greeting = "Hello, World!"; int n = greeting.length(); // sets n to 13 Continued…

  19. String Methods • toUpperCase: creates another String object that contains the characters of the original string, with lowercase letters converted to uppercase String river = "Mississippi"; String bigRiver = river.toUpperCase(); // sets bigRiver to "MISSISSIPPI" We will see length() and toUpperCase() and other methods in the Java API entry for String http://java.sun.com/ ( “api specifications”) Continued…

  20. String Methods • When applying a method to an object, make sure method is defined in the appropriate class System.out.length(); //This method call is an error

  21. Self Check • How can you compute the length of the string “mississippi"? • How can you print out the uppercase version of "Hello, World!"? • Is the following legal: String river = “mississippi”; river.println(); Why or why not?

  22. Answers • It is not legal. The variable river has type String. The println method is not a method of the String class. river.length() or “mississippi".length() String greeting = “Hello World”; System.out.println(greeting.toUpperCase());

  23. Implicit and Explicit Parameters • Parameter (explicit parameter): Input to a method. Not all methods have explicit parameters. • Implicit parameter: The object on which a method is invoked System.out.println(greeting) // greeting is an explicit parameter to printlnn =greeting.length() // length has no explicit parameter n = greeting.length(); System.out.println(greeting); Continued…

  24. Implicit and Explicit Parameters Figure 5:Passing a parameter to the println method

  25. Return Values • Return value: A result that the method has computed for use by the code that called it int n = greeting.length(); // return value stored in n The Java API at http://java.sun.com/ (click on “api specifications”) Tells us what sort of thing is returned from a given method. Continued…

  26. Passing Return Values • You can also use the return value as a parameter of another method: • Not all methods return values. Example: System.out.println(greeting.length()); println Continued…

  27. A More Complex Call • replace method carries out a search-and- replace operation • As Figure 8 shows, this method call has • one implicit parameter: the string "Mississippi" • two explicit parameters: the strings "issipp"and "our" • a return value: the string "Missouri" river.replace("issipp", "our") // constructs a new string ("Missouri") Continued…

  28. A More Complex Call Figure 8:Calling the replace Method

  29. Method Definitions • Method definition specifies types of explicit parameters and return value • Type of implicit parameter = current class; not mentioned in method definition Continued…

  30. Method Definitions • Example: Class String defines public int length() // return type: int // no explicit parameter public String replace(String target, String replacement) // return type: String; // two explicit parameters of type String

  31. Method Definitions • If method returns no value, the return type is declared as void • A method name is overloaded if a class has more than one method with the same name (but different parameter types) public void println(String output) // in class PrintStream Most methods in the Ball class had a return type of void: public void move() public void println(String output)public void println(int output)

  32. Self Check • What are the implicit parameters, explicit parameters, and return values in the method call river.length()? • What is the result of the call river.replace("p", "s")? • What is the result of the call greeting.replace("World","Dave").length()? • How is the toUpperCase method defined in the String class?

  33. Answers • The implicit parameter is river. There is no explicit parameter. The return value is 11 • "Missississi" • 12 • As public String toUpperCase(), with no explicit parameter and return type String.

More Related