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Digital Music

Digital Music Music and how she is played on the computer Digital Music (overview) Background Sound Storage of sound Use of electronics (amplification) Physical nature of sound: frequencies Digitization of sound File Formats Compression MIDI Background: Sound Compression of air

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Digital Music

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  1. Digital Music Music and how she is played on the computer

  2. Digital Music (overview) • Background • Sound • Storage of sound • Use of electronics (amplification) • Physical nature of sound: frequencies • Digitization of sound • File Formats • Compression • MIDI

  3. Background: Sound • Compression of air • Interpreted by the human ear • Ear responds to frequencies in range 15-20,000Hz

  4. Background: Storage • Phonograph • Newer analog (http://arts.ucsc.edu/EMS/Music/tech_background/TE-19/teces_19.html) • Record • Tape • See alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording

  5. Background: Electronics • Electronics was used mostly to amplify sound.

  6. Physical nature of sound • Main characteristics • Frequency (oscilloscope + speakers) • Amplitude • Waveform (See Java Sound Demo)+applet • Perception • Frequency (pitch) • Amplitude (loudness) • Waveform (quality or timbre)

  7. Applets • http://www.ac-nice.fr/physique/Fourier/fourier.htm • http://www.univ-lemans.fr/enseignements/physique/02/divers/syntfour.html • http://www.physics.gatech.edu/academics/tutorial/phys2121/Java%20Applets/ntnujava/sound/sound.html • http://homepages.gac.edu/~huber/fourier/index.html • http://mapageweb.umontreal.ca/hamamh/Electro/SignComb/SigComb.htm

  8. Digitalization of Sound • Can the richness of sound really be represented by a sequence of numbers? • Sound is a waveform ... so, reproduce the waveform using numbers.

  9. Here's the analog signal

  10. And the digital Samples

  11. Can we recreate the original waveform from these samples? • Astonishingly, the answer is yes... • if we sample at twice the max frequency in the signal

  12. Sampling • The max frequency in a sound waveform is 20,000 Hz, so we need to sample at over 40,000Hz. • CDs use 44KHz. • Each sample needs to be stored as a number. For CD audio, 16 bits are used to store each number

  13. Terminology • Sampling frequency • How rapidly we sample (e.g. 44KHz) • Sampling precision • How accurately we measure one particular sample (e.g. 16 bits)

  14. Example • Measure how the temperature varies over a day, accurate to one degree. • How frequently might you measure it? • 1000 times a second? • How precise would it have to be?But(CD only 4 samples for a 10khz wave)

  15. Web information • HowStuffWorks

  16. The Digital Advantage • Does not degenerate as it gets older • Can be perfectly copied • Can be transmitted over a network without error. • Can be edited. • Can have meta-information; information about the music (e.g. artist)

  17. File Formats • No Compression • .wav • Compression • Lossy: mp3 • Lossless: ADPCM • MIDI • .mid (Musical Instruments) Other formats

  18. Compression • Lossy • The original cannot be retrieved • High compression rates (5-12 times smaller) • Example: mp3 • Not good if converting 'tween formats/editing • Lossless • The original can be restored • Compression rate 2-4 times smaller.

  19. Lossless • One technique (ADPCM): • Note the first sample, only note the differences in subsequent samples. • The left and right channels may be similar • record one channel • simply record the differences of the other channel

  20. Lossy • The human ear isn't perfect and simply can't hear some sounds. (Psychoacoustics.) • Lossy compression, detects these sounds and simply removes them.

  21. Psychoacoustics • Temporal Masking • Can't hear a quiet sound just after a loud sound. • Spectral Masking • If two frequencies are very close together and one is much loader than the other, then only the louder one can be heard. E.g.

  22. MP3 • MP3 • analyses the sound mathematically • detects frequencies that can't be heard • removes them. how stuff worksComparison between formats

  23. MIDI • Replicates the effect of a music synthesizer. • Records instrument, note played and time it was played. • MIDI files are very short.

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