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Core Case Study: Nanotechnology. Bottom-up manufacturingWidespread applicationsPotential risksNeed for guidelines and regulationsFuture applications. Nanosolar Cells. Fig. 12-1, p. 261. 12-1 What Are the Earth
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1. Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Chapter 12
3. Nanosolar Cells
4. 12-1 What Are the Earth’s Major Geological Processes? Concept 12-1 Gigantic plates in the earth’s crust move very slowly atop the planet’s mantle, and wind and water move matter from place to place across the earth’s surface.
5. The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet What is geology?
Earth’s internal structure
Core
Mantle
Crust
6. Plate Tectonics Tectonic plates
Lithosphere
Types of plate boundaries
Divergent
Convergent
Transform fault
7. Plate Tectonics and Natural Hazards Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Tsunamis
Geologic recycling and biodiversity
8. Earth’s Crust and Upper Mantle
9. Figure 12.2: Major features of the earth’s crust and upper mantle. The lithosphere, composed of the crust and outermost mantle, is rigid and brittle. The asthenosphere, a zone in the mantle, can be deformed by heat and pressure.Figure 12.2: Major features of the earth’s crust and upper mantle. The lithosphere, composed of the crust and outermost mantle, is rigid and brittle. The asthenosphere, a zone in the mantle, can be deformed by heat and pressure.
11. Figure 12.3: The earth’s crust is made up of a mosaic of huge rigid plates, called tectonic plates, which move around in response to forces in the mantle.
See an animation based on this figure at ThomsonNOW.Figure 12.3: The earth’s crust is made up of a mosaic of huge rigid plates, called tectonic plates, which move around in response to forces in the mantle.
See an animation based on this figure at ThomsonNOW.
13. Figure 12.4: The earth’s major tectonic plates. The extremely slow movements of these plates cause them to grind into one another at convergent plate boundaries, move apart from one another at divergent plate boundaries, and slide past one another at transform plate boundaries.
Question: What plate are you riding on?
See an animation based on this figure at ThomsonNOW.Figure 12.4: The earth’s major tectonic plates. The extremely slow movements of these plates cause them to grind into one another at convergent plate boundaries, move apart from one another at divergent plate boundaries, and slide past one another at transform plate boundaries.
Question: What plate are you riding on?
See an animation based on this figure at ThomsonNOW.
15. External Earth Processes Weathering
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Erosion
Rain, flowing water, wind
Glaciers
16. 12-2 What Are Minerals and Rocks and How Are Rocks Recycled? Concept 12-2A Some naturally occurring materials in the earth’s crust can be extracted and processed into useful materials.
Concept 12-2B Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks in the earth’s crust are recycled very slowly by geologic processes.
17. Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (1) Minerals
Mineral resource
Fossil fuels
Metallic
Nonmetallic
18. Nonrenewable Mineral Resources (2) Identified resources
Reserves
Potential impact of nanotechnology
19. Rocks and Minerals Rock
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Ore
High-grade ore
Low-grade ore
Rock cycle
20. The Rock Cycle
21. Figure 12.6: Natural capital: the rock cycle is the slowest of the earth’s cyclic processes. Rocks are recycled over millions of years by three processes: melting, erosion, and metamorphism, which produce igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Rock from any of these classes can be converted to rock of either of the other two classes, or can be recycled within its own class (Concept 12-2B).
Question: What are three ways in which the rock cycle benefits your lifestyle?Figure 12.6: Natural capital: the rock cycle is the slowest of the earth’s cyclic processes. Rocks are recycled over millions of years by three processes: melting, erosion, and metamorphism, which produce igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Rock from any of these classes can be converted to rock of either of the other two classes, or can be recycled within its own class (Concept 12-2B).
Question: What are three ways in which the rock cycle benefits your lifestyle?
23. Environmental Impact of Using Mineral Resources (1) High energy use
Disturb land
Erode soil
Produce solid waste
24. Environmental Impact of Using Mineral Resources (2) Pollute air, water, and soil
Total impact may depend on grade of ore
25. Life Cycle of a Metal Resource
26. Figure 12.7: Life cycle of a metal resource. Each step in this process uses large amounts of energy and produces some pollution and waste.Figure 12.7: Life cycle of a metal resource. Each step in this process uses large amounts of energy and produces some pollution and waste.
27. Figure 12.7: Life cycle of a metal resource. Each step in this process uses large amounts of energy and produces some pollution and waste.Figure 12.7: Life cycle of a metal resource. Each step in this process uses large amounts of energy and produces some pollution and waste.
29. Extracting Mineral Deposits Surface mining
Subsurface mining
Overburden
Spoils
30. Mining Methods Open-pit mining
Strip mining
Area strip mining
Contour strip mining
Mountaintop removal
31. Open-pit Mining
32. Strip Mining
33. Contour Strip Mining
34. Figure 12.11: Natural capital degradation: contour strip mining of coal used in hilly or mountainous terrain.Figure 12.11: Natural capital degradation: contour strip mining of coal used in hilly or mountainous terrain.
36. Harmful Environmental Effects of Mining Disruption of land surface
Subsidence
Toxic-laced mining wastes
Acid mine drainage
Air pollution
37. Harmful Environmental Effects of Removing Metals from Ores Ore mineral – desired metal
Gangue – waste material
Smelting
Air polluting by-products
Chemical removal processes
Toxic holding ponds
38. 12-4 How Long Will Mineral Resources Last? Concept 12-4 An increase in the price of a scarce mineral resource can lead to increased supplies and more efficient use of the mineral, but there are limits to this effect.
39. Uneven Distribution of Mineral Resources Abundant minerals
Scarce minerals
Exporters and importers
Strategic metal resources
Economic and military strength
U.S. dependency – four critical minerals
Sources?
40. Supplies of Mineral Resources Available supply and use
Economic depletion
Six choices after depletion
Recycle, reuse, waste less, use less, find a substitute, do without
Depletion time
41. Depletion Curves for a Nonrenewable Resource
42. Figure 12.13: Depletion curves for a nonrenewable resource (such as aluminum or copper) using three sets of assumptions. Dashed vertical lines represent times when 80% depletion occurs.Figure 12.13: Depletion curves for a nonrenewable resource (such as aluminum or copper) using three sets of assumptions. Dashed vertical lines represent times when 80% depletion occurs.
44. Mining Lower-grade Ores Improved equipment and technologies
Limiting factors
Cost
Supplies of freshwater
Environmental impacts
Biomining
In-situ mining
Genetic engineering
45. Ocean Mining (1) Minerals from seawater
Minerals for ocean sediments
Hydrothermal deposits
Manganese-rich nodules
46. Ocean Mining (2) Mining issues in international waters
Environmental issues
47. 12-5 How Can We Use Mineral Resources More Sustainably? Concept 12-5 We can try to find substitutes for scarce resources, recycle and reuse minerals, reduce resource waste, and convert the wastes from some businesses into raw materials for other businesses.
48. Finding Substitutes and Alternatives for Scarce Mineral Resources Materials revolution
Ceramics and plastics
Limitations
Recycle and reuse
Less environmental impact
49. Using Nonrenewable Resources More Sustainably Decrease use and waste
3M Company
Pollution Prevention Pays (3P) program
Economic and environmental benefits of cleaner production
50. Sustainable Use of Nonrenewable Minerals
51. Case Study: Industrial Ecosystems (1) Mimic nature to deal with wastes – biomimicry
Waste outputs become resource inputs
Recycle and reuse
Resource exchange webs
52. Case Study: Industrial Ecosystems (2) Reclaiming brownfields
Industrial ecology
Ecoindustrial revolution
53. An Industrial Ecosystem
54. Figure 12.15: Solutions: an industrial ecosystem in Kalundborg, Denmark, reduces waste production by mimicking a food web in natural ecosystems. The wastes of one business become the raw materials for another.
Question: Is there an industrial ecosystem near where you live or go to school? If not, why not?Figure 12.15: Solutions: an industrial ecosystem in Kalundborg, Denmark, reduces waste production by mimicking a food web in natural ecosystems. The wastes of one business become the raw materials for another.
Question: Is there an industrial ecosystem near where you live or go to school? If not, why not?
57. Animation: Plate Margins
58. Animation: Sulfur Cycle
59. Animation: Resources Depletion and Degradation
60. Video: Continental Drift
61. Video: Asteroid Menace
62. Video: Indonesian Earthquake
63. Video: Tsunami Alert Testing
64. Video: Mount Merapi Volcano Eruption