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The autonomic nervous system Involuntary control somatic motor neurons control skeletal muscle Autonomic- cardiac and

The autonomic nervous system Involuntary control somatic motor neurons control skeletal muscle Autonomic- cardiac and smooth muscles, glands. Effector organs Smooth muscles retain resting tone in absence of stimulation Muscles can contract in the absence of direct innervation

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The autonomic nervous system Involuntary control somatic motor neurons control skeletal muscle Autonomic- cardiac and

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  1. The autonomic nervous system Involuntary control somatic motor neurons control skeletal muscle Autonomic- cardiac and smooth muscles, glands

  2. Effector organs Smooth muscles retain resting tone in absence of stimulation Muscles can contract in the absence of direct innervation ACh always stimulates skeletal muscles, but its effects may vary in autonomic system

  3. Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems Sympathetic (thoracolumnar) Parasympathetic (craniosacral) also cranial nerves According to their point of contact with the spinal cord

  4. Response depends on type of receptor stimulated Cholinergic- Ach all preganglionic fibers most parasympathetic Adrenergic- norepinephrine most sympathetic Depends on receptors See table 9.6, p. 229 (9.4, p. 227 in new book!)

  5. Some organs have dual innervation complementary effects Some have only sympathetic innervation adrenal medulla, sweat glands, blood vessels Regulation by change in level of stimulation

  6. Control of autonomic system in brain Medulla oblongata vagus nerve transmits it (see Table 9.8) Medulla is itself controlled by hypothalamus hunger and thirst pituitary gland emotions (limbic system and cortex) Connection with cerebellum- sense of balance, motion sickness

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