HAPPY TUESDAY!!!

1. HAPPY TUESDAY!!! • Take out your vocab so I can check it and get ready to start a new unit!! • The following people got an “A” on the Quest: • Christina -Emily • Ritvik -Andie • Amanda • Melissa • Kyle

2. The New Nation Washington and Adams Administrations

3. A New Government • President: George Washington • Unanimous choice for the first president • Strong national leader • Hero of the Revolution • Encouraged nationalism- pride in one’s country • Washington created executive departments which became his first cabinet

4. Washington’s Cabinet • Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson • Dealt with foreign affairs • Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton • Managed finance • Secretary of War: Henry Knox • Handled military matters • Attorney General: Edmund Randolph • Chief lawyer of the federal government

5. Judiciary Act of 1789 • The Constitution had authorized Congress to set up a federal court system but didn’t say exactly how • Set up a Supreme Court (Chief Justice and 5 associate justices), 3 federal courts and 13 federal district courts • Section 25: allowed state court decisions to be appealed when constitutionality was in question and stated that federal law was supreme

6. Domestic Issues • Next order of business was to repay the war debt • Hamilton pushes through an excise tax- a tax on product’s manufacture, sale or distribution- will be charged on whiskey • Angered frontier farmers-whiskeymain source of cash • Hamilton proposed to pay off foreign debt 1st • Nation couldn’t truly be independent as long as they owed other nations • Also proposed that the fed. gov’t assume the debts of the states • Thought it would give states incentive to support the gov’t • Angered Southerners b/c they had already paid off most of their debts-would be taxed to pay off Northern debts

7. Hamilton’s National Bank • Hamilton proposed the creation of the National Bank • Funded by both the fed. gov’t & wealthy private investors • The Bank of the United States would issue paper money and handle tax receipts and other gov’t funds • Hamilton favored a “loose” interpretation of the Constitution and the “elastic clause” (Article 1 Section 8, Number 18)- “necessary and proper”

8. Opposition to Hamilton’s Plan • James Madison claimed the bank would form an unhealthy alliance between the gov’t and wealthy business interest • Thomas Jefferson and Madison favored a “strict” interpretation of the Constitution- if it doesn’t say it in the document, you cant do it • Constitution doesn’t say anything about the National Bank

9. Hamilton, Jefferson and Madison Compromise • Hamilton proposes that the nation’s capital be moved from NYC to Virginia • Pleased southerners, particularly Virginians such as Jefferson and Madison • Southern site for the capital would make the gov’t more responsive to their interests • 1790, the debt bill is passed • National Bank is created • Capital moved to Virginia- Washington D.C • Planned by Pierre L’Enfant and later Andrew Ellicott

10. Whiskey Rebellion • Frontier Farmers were furious over the excise tax (a.k.a the whiskey tax) • 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania refused to pay the tax • Farmers beat up federal marshals in Pittsburgh and even threatened to secede from the Union • 15,000 militiamen along with Washington and Hamilton hiked over the Allegheny Mtns and scattered the rebels without a single loss of life

11. Political Parties • Form at the end of Washington’s presidency • Formed around the issue of the power and size of the fed gov’t in relation to the state and local gov’ts • Federalists led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams • Believed a strong national gov’t and industrial economy • Democratic-Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson • Believed in a weak national gov’t and agricultural economy

12. Foreign Issues • France Revolution going on- Americans support until France declared war on Britain • Jefferson and Democratic- Republicans supported France, Hamilton and Federalists supported the British • Washington declare neutrality in 1793- US staying out of it!

13. Pinckney Treaty • Thomas Pinckney • US wanted to secure land claims west of the Appalachian Mtns and gain shipping rights on the Mississippi River. • makes a treaty with Spain which owned Florida and the Louisiana Territory • Gained all land east of Appalachian (except FL) • US gains navigation rights of the Mississippi River • Use of the port of New Orleans • Allows US to trade a lot easier and a lot more • Shorter trade routes and more efficient

15. Jay’s Treaty • John Jay • Background: since US was neutral, US expected free shipping rights. Great Britain began seizing US ships and began the impressments policy- forcible seizure of men for military service • Treaty called for Brit. to abandon posts in northwest region of US • NOTHING about impressments- angered people

16. President John Adams • Election of 1796 • John Adams/ Pinckney v. Jefferson/ Burr • North for Adams, South for Jefferson- leads to sectionalism • Loser of the election becomes Vice President • Federalist President, Democratic-Republican VP • Administration begins with problems • Possible war with France

17. XYZ Affair • French thought US was making an alliance with the British and began seizing US ships • Adams sent 3 envoys to work things out with French foreign minister Talleyrand • Not allowed to meet with him unless pay $250,000- REALLY high bribe- Adams doesn’t pay • creates Navy and authorizes US ships to seize French ones (undeclared war) • Many want war to expand but Adams doesn’t • Tries to negotiate: no more treaty, pay for damages, no more seizing ships • Adams gets peace but ruins his political career

18. Legislation to hurt Dem.-Reps. • Congress passes 3 laws: • Naturalization Act- increased the amount of time necessary for immigrants to become citizens from 5 to 14 years • Alien Act- Immigrants had to register with gov’t and made it easy for them to be deported if Pres. Felt they were a danger to the US • Sedition Act- crime to criticize the gov’t • Passed because immigrants tended to gravitate to D-R • Federalists felt that they cannot trust foreigners • Actually made D-R stronger

19. The States Respond • Jefferson and Madison see the Alien and Sedition acts as misuse of power by the fed gov’t • Virginia/ Kentucky Resolution • Stressed the compact theory- states entered into a compact when they agreed to the Constitution • Fed gov’t was created by the states to serve as their agent • State legislatures could therefore declare laws of Congress unconstitutional and consider them void (nullification) • Cant really do this but it was used as a campaign ploy for the election of 1800

20. Caricature • Create a caricature of Hamilton and Jefferson. • You must include at least 7 characteristics or issues unique to both Jefferson and Hamilton • You MUST COLOR the pictures and I should CLEARLY be able to tell what you drew.

21. HAPPY FRIDAY!! • Take out your chart so I can check it • Pick up a Caricature on the stand in the front • Color the Caricature of Hamilton and Jefferson • Around each of them, draw 5 things that describe them • You must color the pictures and I should CLEARLY be able to tell what you drew

22. New Nation Jefferson’s Presidency

23. Thomas Jefferson • Election of 1800- Jefferson (D-R) v. Adams (Fed.) • Marked the first time that power was transferred from one party to another- REVOLUTION OF 1800 • “we are all Federalists, we are all Democratic-Republicans” • Jefferson helps the common man • Repeals the excise tax and the Naturalization Act • Alien and Sedition Acts expire

24. Marbury v.Madison(1803) Background • While Adams was President he appointed John Marshall, a Federalist, to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court • His decisions consistently strengthened the power of the federal government at the expense of the power of state governments • Prior to leaving office, Adams pushed through the Judiciary Act of 1801, which increased the number of federal judges by 16 • Filled these positions with Federalists • Called “midnight judges” b/c Adams signed their appointments late on his last day of office

25. Marbury v. Madison Case • William Marbury was one of these judges but never received his official papers • James Madison was Jefferson’s Secretary of State • Judiciary Act of 1789 required the Supreme Court to order the papers to be delivered • Marshall decided the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional- Constitution didn’t empower the Sup. Court to issue such orders • Decision established JUDICIAL REVIEW- the ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional**

27. As a D-R, Jefferson believed in: • Rights of the common man • Faming and agriculture • States rights • Strict interpretation of the constitution • France • Low tariffs • Small military

28. Military problems • Jefferson didn’t like a large standing army so he reduced it to 2500 men • Reduced the navy as well • Pirates of North Africa had been blackmailing/plundering merchant ships in the Mediterranean Sea • Federalists had been paying the bribes • 1801- Pasha of Tripoli wants more money- undeclared war on US

29. Jefferson’s Response • Sends the small navy to fight • Very different from what he previously believed in (pacifist) • Enlarges the navy • 1805- Treaty

30. Impact • Set pattern for dealing with other North African countries- show of power • Navy gets tons of experience • Get respect internationally • Jefferson changes his view on the navy

31. Louisiana Purchase • Americans continue their migration west over the Appalachians • 1800, Napoleon Boneparte of France persuaded Spain to return the LA Territory • Jefferson feared a strong French presence in the mid-continent would force the U.S. into an alliance with Britain • T.J. worried the French would close the port of New Orleans and block development west

32. LA Purchase continued • Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans and Florida from France • U.S. bought the territory for $15 million • T.J. worried that this is unconstitutional • Eased by the elastic clause • The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States

34. Lewis and Clark • Jefferson appointed Mariwether Lewis to lead an expedition called the Corp of Discovery from St. Louis to the Pacific coast • T.J. ordered them to collect scientific information about unknown plants and animals and to learn as much as possible about Native American tribes • William Clark chosen as 2nd in command • Met- Sacajawea- Native American woman who served as a guide and interpreter • Expedition took 2 years and 4 months

35. Happy Monday!!! • Take out your case study so I can check it • Did you know: In the US more gold is used to make class rings than any other piece of jewelry

36. New Nation War of 1812

37. Britain v. France • 1803, Britain and France go to war- AGAIN! • Threatens American shipping • Napoleon tries to exclude British goods from Europe • Britain blockades (seals off) its ports and prevent ships from entering or leaving • Order of Council • Britain also forcing American sailors into the British Navy (impressments)

38. Chesapeake Incident (1807) • Commander of a British warship demanded the right to board and search the US ship Chesapeake • Looking for British deserters • US captain refused, and the British opened fire • Killing 3 Americans, wounding 18

39. Embargo Act (1807) • Jefferson convinces Congress to declare an embargo- ban on exporting products to other countries • Believed it would hurt Britain and other European powers and force them to honor American neutrality • Hurt America more and in 1809 the embargo was lifted • Except for Britain and France- still couldn’t trade with them

40. Tecumseh’s Confederacy • 1809- General William Henry Harrison (governor of Indiana Territory) persuaded Native American tribes to sign away 3 million acres of land to the US gov’t • Shawnee chief Tecumseh refused- formed a confederacy- a united Native American nation • Began negotiating with Britain for assistance in war with Americans

41. War Hawks call for War • 1811- Tecumseh's brother led an attack on Harrison- Battle of Tippecanoe • Native Americans were using arms from British Canada • Harrison strikes back and burned the Shawnee capital • Harrison becomes a national hero • Young Congressmen from the South and West known as WAR HAWKS called for war against Britain • Led by Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina and Henry Clay of Kentucky (Speaker of the House of Representatives) • Motto was “On to Canada!”

42. James Madison as President • Democratic-Republican- won election of 1808 • Both Britain and France promised to stop violating US rights but impressments still going on • Congress declared war in 1812 • Madison believed Britain was trying to strangle American trade and cripple American economy

43. War of 1812 • Declared war in June 1812 • Britain repealed the Orders of Council (impressments) but it was too late • US was unprepared for war • British captured Detroit and US failed to take Montreal • British invaded Washington D.C. in 1814 • Burned the Capitol, White House and other public buildings • From there they proceeded to Baltimore and attacked Fort McHenry

44. War of 1812 cont. • During the fighting, Francis Scott Key wrote the poem “Defense of Fort McHenry” • Later put to the tune of an old pub song and became the “Star Spangled Banner” • Battle of New Orleans 1815: • Led by General Andrew Jackson • Troops defeated the British • Fighting ended after this battle

45. Treaty of Ghent • Unknown to Jackson, British and American diplomats had signed a peace treaty, before battle of NO • Signed Christmas Eve 1814- declared an armistice (end fighting) • Didn’t address the issue of impressments or neutral shipping rights

46. Nationalism and Change • North and South were developing different economies (industry in north, agriculture in south) • Madison wanted to unite the regions and create a strong, stable, self-sufficient economy • Developed a transportation system- National Roads and the Erie Canal (“The Big Ditch”) • Established protective tariffs • Resurrected the national bank • Even former critics rallied behind this plan • Henry Clay promoted this plan as the AMERICAN SYSTEM

47. American System • Clay explained that the American System would unite the nation’s economic interest • Industrial north would produce the manufactured goods that farmers in the south and west would buy • Agricultural south would produce most of the grain, meat and cotton needed in the north • National currency and transportation system would aid in the exchange of goods • America would be economically independent of Britain and France

48. Supreme Court and Nationalism • Chief Justice John Marshall used the Sup. Court to ensure that the fed. gov’t had the power to regulate everything that crossed state lines (interstate commerce) • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • MD charged high taxes on the local branch of the Bank of US- wanted to make it fail • Marshall claimed that if this was allowed states would be overturning laws passed by Congress and denied MD the right to tax the bank • “the power to tax is the power to destroy”

49. JQA and nationalism • In the midst of all this James Monroe is elected President • Secretary of State John Quincy Adams establishes foreign policy guided by nationalism-the belief that national interest should be placed ahead of regional concerns or the interests of other countries • Convention of 1818- fixed US border at the 49th parallel up to Rocky Mtns • 1819, Adams-Onis Treaty-Spain gave Florida to the US as well as claims to the Oregon Territory

50. Monroe Doctrine • Spain and Portugal defeated Napoleon (France) in 1815, and wanted to reclaim territory in Latin America • Russians had been in Alaska since 1784, and established trading posts in present day California • With all these countries moving in, US had to do something • Many Americans wanted to get northern Mexico and Cuba from Spain • Russians posed a threat to American trade with China