ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY

6. ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY

9. EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENON

13. Energy Magnitude Relationship Energy release increases by 32 times with increase of 1 magnitude

17. Earthquake/Inertia Forces ACCELERATION DECELERATION

19. EL-CENTRO, 1940 EARTHQUAKE

20. (Before Earthquake) (After Earthquake)

21. House Elements Resist Horizontal Forces Roof Diaphragm Shear Wall f1 f2 fsum = f1 + f2 + f3 f3 Foundation Floor Diaphragm Cripple Wall

22. Damage Resulting from Base Shear

24. BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE • Store heavy objects near ground or floor. • Secure tall objects, like bookcases to the wall. • Secure gas appliances to prevent broken gas lines and fires. • Learn where your exits, evacuation route, and meeting places are. Know the safe spot in each room. • Keep emergency items , such as a flashlight, first aid kit and spare clothes, food in your car or office.

25. DURING AN EARTHQUAKE • If indoors, stay in the building. • Take shelter under solid furniture, i.e. tables or desks, until the shaking stops. • Keep away from overhead fixtures, windows, cabinets and bookcases or other heavy objects that could fall. Watch for falling plaster or ceiling tiles. • If driving- STOP, but stay in the vehicle. Do not stop on bridge, under trees, light posts, electrical power lines or signals. • If outside, stay outside. Move to an open area away from buildings, trees, power lines and roadways.

26. AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE • Check for injuries. Give first aid as necessary. • Check for safety hazards: fire, electrical, gas leaks, etc. and take appropriate actions. • Do not use telephones and roadways unless necessary so that these are open for emergency uses. • Be prepared for aftershocks, plan for cover when they occur. • Turn on your radio/TV for an emergency message. Evacuate to shelters as instructed. • Remain calm, try to reassure others. Avoid injury from broken glasses etc.

28. An aerial view of the destruction of houses in Bhachau and Anjar towns during the Gujarat, 2001 earthquak

29. Devastated village - Jawaharnagar which was relocated at this site after the Anjar earthquake of 1856. The same has collapsed as no aseismic design interventions were made during the rehabilitation and reconstruction of this village.

31. Post Office Building, Killari Damaged but not collapsed

32. Public Building in Sastoor Damaged but not collapsed

33. MEERP Programme Before MEERP After MEERP

34. 1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE: RAILROAD SYSTEM

35. 1985 MEXICO EARTHQUAKE: POUNDING

36. Symmetric Plan Less Opening

37. Interlocking of Stones

38. Interlocking by Through Stones (Haider)

39. Through Stones in Existing Walls

40. Seismic Bands (Very Important)

41. Construction Practice (Marathwada Region)

42. Construction Practice (Satara, Kolhapur Region)

43. Strengthening of Existing Houses

44. Confidence in Earthquake-resistant Measures

45. Confidence Building in Retrofitting

46. Collapse of open ground story RC frame residential building in Bhuj.

47. 2001 Gujarat Earthquake

48. 2001 Gujarat Earthquake

49. Buildings with First-Soft Story

50. Buildings with Heavy Water Tanks