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A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e. Chapter 10….. PCs on the Internet. Objectives. Learn about the TCP/IP suite of protocols Learn how to connect to the Internet using cable modem, DSL, and dial-up connections and how to share those connections

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A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

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  1. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Chapter 10….. PCs on the Internet

  2. Objectives • Learn about the TCP/IP suite of protocols • Learn how to connect to the Internet using cable modem, DSL, and dial-up connections and how to share those connections • Learn how to use a router to enhance and secure a network connection to the Internet • Learn about supporting common Internet clients such as Web browsers, e-mail clients, file transfer software, Internet telephone, and Windows XP Remote Desktop A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  3. Introduction • Topics to cover • How the TCP/IP suite of protocols is used • Creating and troubleshooting broadband connections • How to create and troubleshoot dial-up connections • How to install and use a router • Supporting Internet applications; e.g., Web browsers A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  4. The TCP/IP Suite of Protocols • Client/server application • Client application on one PC requests data from server • Server application on another PC returns data • Example: World Wide Web • The client is a Web browser • The server is a Web server; e.g., Apache HTTP server • Requested data is a Web page • Client applications are installed as programs • Server applications are installed as services A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  5. Figure 18-1 A Web browser (client software) requests a Web page from a Web server (server software); the Web server returns the requested file or files to the client A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  6. Using IP and Port Addresses to Identify Services • Port (port address, port number) • Number that identifies server application to client • Server application listens for request at assigned port • Example: port 80 is typically assigned to Web servers • Port numbers appear at the end of an IP address • Example: 138.60.30.5:80 • A few other common ports and assigned services • Port 20: FTP (File Transfer Protocol) • Port 25: E-mail (using SMTP protocol) • Port 443: Web server (using HTTPS protocol) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  7. Using IP and Port Addresses to Identify Services (continued) • Communication protocol • Defines rules of communication between client/server • Example: POP3 is used by client to receive e-mail • Information flow between client and server • Application sends request to OS • OS passes request to NIC • NIC places request on network • NIC on receiving end sends request to OS • OS passes request to Web server application • Web server responds by sending data to OS A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  8. Common Port Numbers • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  9. TCP/IP Packet A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  10. Figure 18-3 Applications, operating systems, and the physical network manage communication at all three levels A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  11. TCP/IP Protocol Layers • TCP/IP suite lies between applications and the OS • API: application programming interface • How application protocols are used • Application makes an API call to the OS • The API causes OS to generate a request • Request follows format specified by application protocol • After response is passed back, a session is established • Example involving HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) • Web browser makes an API call to the OS • OS makes an HTTP request for a browser A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  12. Figure 18-4 How software, protocols, and technology on a TCP/IP network relate to each other A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  13. TCP/IP Protocol Layers (continued) • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • A connection-oriented protocol • Makes a connection, checks delivery, resends data • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • A connectionless or best-effort protocol • Does not guarantee delivery • Internet Protocol (IP) • Breaks up and reassembles data into packets • Routes packets to their destination • TCP uses IP to establish session and verify delivery A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  14. Figure 18-5 TCP turns to IP to prepare the data for networking A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  15. TCP/IP Protocol Layers (continued) • ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) • Responsible for locating a host on a local network • RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) • Discovers Internet address of host on a local network • ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) • Communicates problems with a transmission • Example: message deleted due to excessive hops • Network protocols used by hardware • Ethernet and PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  16. TCP/IP Utilities • TCP/IP component includes a group of utilities • Location: Windows or \Winnt folder • Commonly used utilities: Ping, Winipcfg, Ipconfig • SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) • Provides system management tools for networks • Microsoft SNMP Agent • Utility installed after TCP/IP is installed • Used to monitor remote connections • Tracert (trace route): shows hops along packet route A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  17. Figure 18-9 The Tracert command traces a path to a destination computer A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  18. Connecting to the Internet • Broadband: supports multiple transmission types • Internet Service Provider (ISP) • Connects a PC or network to the Internet • Bandwidth technologies used by ISPs: • Regular telephone lines • Cable modem • DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) • ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) • Satellite access • Wireless access A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  19. Cable Modem and DSL Connections • Comparing communication media • Cable modem: TV cables shared by multiple users • DSL: dedicated phone lines • Comparing service plans • Both: sliding-scale residential and business plans • Comparing setup • Both: a modem interfaces PC and broadband jack • Comparing installation services: • Both: will install equipment at additional cost A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  20. Figure 18-10 Cable modem connecting to a PC through a network card installed in the PC A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  21. Cable Modem and DSL Connections (continued) • Overview of installing cable service or DSL • Connect the PC to the cable modem or DSL box • Connect cable modem/DSL box to broadband jack • Plug up power and turn on the broadband device • Configure TCP/IP settings for connection to the ISP • Test connection by using a browser to surf the Web • Devices and information needed for an installation • A computer with an available network or USB port • Modem/box and network cable • TCP/IP settings A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  22. Figure 18-18 Sample setup for DSL A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  23. Dial-Up Connections • Based on a modem and regular phone line • How dial-up networking works • TCP/IP creates data packets for transport • PPP adds its own header and trailer to data packets • PPP presents packet to modem for delivery on line • Process is reversed when data packet is received • Overview of setting dial-up in Windows XP • Install an internal or external modem • Launch New Connection Wizard • Follow directions onscreen A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  24. Figure 18-19 PPP allows a PC to connect to a network using a modem A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  25. Figure 18-21 The New Connection Wizard asks how to configure the connection A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  26. Dial-Up Connections (continued) • A few troubleshooting tips • Plug in a regular phone and check line for a dial tone • Try another phone number • Reboot your PC and try again • Overview of setting dial-up in Windows 9x/Me • Dial-Up Networking must first be installed • A dial-up adapter will also be installed • Install an internal or external modem • Create connection with Make New Connection Wizard • Configure the connection from Properties dialog box A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  27. Figure 18-27 Configuring the server type for a connection to the Internet in Windows 9x/Me A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  28. Dial-Up Connections (continued) • High-speed dial-up: reduces download time by half • Enhancements needed to support high-speed dialup • Abbreviated handshake • Data compression • Filtering • Server-side caching • Client-side caching A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  29. Figure 18-30 Server-side caching and client-side caching improve download times by reducing the number of requests for data A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  30. Sharing a Personal Internet Connection • Networked PCs access Internet through a host • Connecting two PCs • Single crossover network cable links two PCs • Host PC connects to the modem • Connecting three or more PCs • PCs connect to hub/switch using patch cables • Host connects to modem via USB cable • Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) • Manages shared Internet connections • Enables host to use NAT and act as proxy server A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  31. Hubs, Switches and Routers • Hubs, switches and routers may look very similar, but their functions are very different. • Hubs are just dumb repeaters. They take an incoming signal on any port, and transmit this signal out on all other ports. See animated gif below. (gif from https://community.fs.com/blog/do-you-know-the-differences-between-hubs-switches-and-routers.html) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  32. Hubs, Switches and Routers • One problem an Ethernet network can experience is a collision. A collision occurs when two computers attempt to send a message at the same time on the same medium. The messages “collide”. This requires each computer to attempt to re-send the message. • If the computers in a network are connected through a hub, this increases the chance of a collision. (Since each computer receives the messages for all other computers.) • The solution is to use a switch. A switch learns what MAC address is on each of its ports by reading the source address on outgoing messages. • When receiving a packet addressed to a certain MAC address, the switch will only transmit this packet down the correct port. • If the switch does not have an entry for a certain MAC address, it will broadcast the message like a hub. • See diagram on the following slide. (gif from https://community.fs.com/blog/do-you-know-the-differences-between-hubs-switches-and-routers.html) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  33. Hubs, Switches and Routers A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  34. Hubs, Switches and Routers • Routers are more intelligent than switches. • Routers understand IP addresses while switches only understand MAC addresses. • Routers can perform Network Address Translation. • Routers can route around congested areas. • Routers can act as DHCP servers. • Routers can act as firewalls. • Routers can perform port forwarding and filtering. • See diagram on next slide. (gif from https://community.fs.com/blog/do-you-know-the-differences-between-hubs-switches-and-routers.html) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  35. Hubs, Switches and Routers A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  36. Figure 18-31 Two or more networked computers can share a single Internet connection A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  37. Network Address Translation A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  38. Implementing a Software Firewall • Guidelines for protecting your PC • Keep Windows updates current • Use a software or hardware firewall • Run antivirus software and keep it current • Services provided by a hardware or software firewall • Firewalls can filter data packets • Firewalls can filter ports • Firewalls can block certain activity within the network • Firewalls can filter inappropriate information • Example of a software firewall: Windows Firewall A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  39. Figure 18-34 Windows Firewall is set for maximum protection A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  40. Using a Router on Your Network • Disadvantages of using a host to share a connection • Host computer must always be turned on • Only low-level security for your network • Bottlenecks at host can slow traffic within network • Solution: use a router to interface with the Internet • Router provides two functions • Takes place of host as gateway to the Internet • Serves a hardware firewall to protect your network A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  41. Figure 18-36 A router stands between the Internet and a local network A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  42. Advantages of Using a Router • Host PC will not be a performance bottleneck • Internet access is not dependent on running host • Router can also serve as a hardware firewall • The router can provide additional features • DHCP server, switch, or wireless access point • Example: Wireless-G Broadband Router by Linksys A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  43. Figure 18-37 This Linksys router allows computers on a LAN to share a broadband Internet connection and is an access point for computers with wireless adapters A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  44. Installing and Configuring a Router • Run the setup program on any network PC • Connect the cable or DSL modem to the router • Follow the instructions on the setup screen • Connect PCs on your network to your router • PC can connect directly to a network port • You can also connect a switch or hub to the router • Plug in the router and turn it on • Sign in with default password and then reset it A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  45. Installing and Configuring a Router (continued) • Configuring a router (using Linksys as an example) • Access configuration program on router firmware • Enter the IP address of the router (192.168.1) • View and/or change default settings in Setup window • Configure a hardware firewall • Settings in Security tab and Access Restrictions tab • Port filtering: open or close certain ports for use • Port forwarding • Request to certain ports forwarded to certain PCs • Local PC must have static address for this service A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  46. Figure 18-39 Basic Setup screen used to configure the router A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  47. Figure 18-42 With port forwarding, a router allows requests initiated outside the network A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  48. Virtual Private Network • How VPN security works • Remote user sends id to authentication server • Authentication server encrypts data • Various encryption protocols are used; e.g., CHAP • Tunnel is created so all data transferred is encrypted • Various tunneling protocols are used; e.g., PPP • How to configure a router to support VPN • Select encryption and tunneling protocols • Configure each tunnel the VPN will support • Configure client for VPN from Network Connections A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  49. Figure 18-45 With a VPN, tunneling is used to send encrypted data over wired and wireless networks and the Internet A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

  50. Figure 18-48 Properties window of a VPN connection A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e

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